{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:09:56Z","timestamp":1792004996855,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Periodontitis and peri\u2010implantitis are chronic inflammatory conditions of microbial origin that affect the supporting tissues of teeth and dental implants, respectively. Although they share comparable clinical features and several histopathological characteristics, they have traditionally been classified as distinct diseases, largely because they arise in different anatomical and clinical contexts. This narrative, question\u2010driven review evaluates clinical, microbiological, histological, and molecular evidence to address whether observed similarities and differences between the two conditions reflect truly distinct diseases, context\u2010dependent variations of a shared inflammatory spectrum, or artifacts of study design and nomenclature. While peri\u2010implantitis is often described as progressing more rapidly or exhibiting more pronounced inflammatory infiltrates, the underlying reasons for these patterns remain under investigation. To date, no microbial species or host\u2010response pathway has been conclusively identified as exclusive to either disease, although most available data derive from heterogeneous, often underpowered studies with limited head\u2010to\u2010head comparisons. Structural and anatomical distinctions, such as the absence of a periodontal ligament around implants and differences in connective tissue organization, may influence disease behavior, yet their precise role in determining divergent outcomes is still debated. Microbial variability also appears to reflect host\u2010specific and site\u2010specific factors more than strict disease categorization, and molecular and transcriptomic studies generally reveal overlapping patterns of immune activation and gene expression, although some analyses suggest potential quantitative or contextual differences, whose interpretation is constrained by small sample sizes and indirect comparisons. Overall, current evidence supports a substantial convergence in pathogenic pathways, superimposed on site\u2010specific and host\u2010specific modulators, rather than clearly segregated disease\u2010specific mechanisms. Given the limited and inconsistent literature, particularly for advanced omics and tissue\u2010based studies, any categorical distinction between periodontitis and peri\u2010implantitis as separate entities remains premature. Future research should prioritize adequately powered, longitudinal, within\u2010subject comparisons and high\u2010resolution approaches, including spatial transcriptomics and integrated immune\u2010molecular profiling, to refine diagnostic concepts and inform individualized therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.70109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T12:02:25Z","timestamp":1776686545000},"page":"473-517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Peri\u2010Implantitis and Periodontitis: Biological Convergence, Contextual Divergence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6614-6470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Galindo\u2010Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry School of Dentistry, University of Granada  Granada Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA  Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3593-7412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Galindo\u2010Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine School of Dentistry, University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"PhD Program in Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada  Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allinson","family":"Olaechea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry School of Dentistry, University of Granada  Granada Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA  Granada Spain"},{"name":"PhD Program in Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada  Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9207-2287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"O'Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology School of Medicine, University of Granada  Granada Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER, CIBM), University of Granada  Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7437-6279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdusalam E.","family":"Alrmali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine School of Dentistry, University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4238-1799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hom\u2010Lay","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine School of Dentistry, University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6222-1341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Padial\u2010Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry School of Dentistry, University of Granada  Granada Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA  Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"The Long\u2010Term Efficacy of Currently Used Dental Implants: A Review and Proposed Criteria of Success","volume":"1","author":"Albrektsson T.","year":"1986","journal-title":"International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial 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