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Historical developments were reviewed alongside current clinical research, including systematic reviews and professional guidelines (e.g., EFP S3\u2010level), to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and behavioral aspects of oral hygiene practices. Oral hygiene has progressed from ancient chewing sticks to modern powered toothbrushes and interdental devices. While manual toothbrushes remain effective, oscillating\u2013rotating and sonic technologies offer more plaque reduction and better gingival outcomes. Interdental cleaning has increasingly favored interdental brushes over dental floss, though rubber picks and oral irrigators provide effective and patient\u2010preferred alternatives. Dentifrices have evolved from simple abrasives to vehicles for fluoride, antimicrobial, and other therapeutic agents. Despite these innovations, oral disease persists, largely due to discrepancies between perceived and actual brushing behaviors, including inadequate duration and technique. Optimal gingival health continues to depend on the quality and consistency of self\u2010performed mechanical plaque removal. Emerging technologies and sustainable, eco\u2010friendly materials may enhance compliance and accessibility, yet they cannot replace professional instruction or habit formation. Future strategies should prioritize personalized, evidence\u2010based oral care that balances clinical efficacy, environmental sustainability, and equitable access.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.70136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T08:37:02Z","timestamp":1783327022000},"page":"425-451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Journey of Oral Hygiene: The Past, the Present, the Future"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5075-8384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fridus","family":"van der Weijden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) A Joint Venture Between the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Amsterdam and the Faculty of Dentistry of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Clinic for Periodontology  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10026-1047"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12541"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.70022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.70009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12366"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06108-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2009.00337.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"635","volume-title":"Lindhe's Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry","author":"Van der Weijden F.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","volume-title":"America Brushes Up","author":"Segrave K.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"\u2018The Teeth of All Rhyme and Reason\u2019: Shakespeare's Dental Fixation","volume":"24","author":"DePrado J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of the Wooden O"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00099.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/dj8010015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0765.2001.360502.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Traditional Chewing Sticks vs. Modern Toothbrushes: Comparative Analysis of Plaque Removal Efficacy and Gingival Health","volume":"3","author":"Agbeno E. 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