{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T09:52:39Z","timestamp":1769161959919,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]],"date-time":"2017-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01HD066059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HD066059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Rural Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the difference in tubal ligation use between rural and urban counties in the state of Georgia, USA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study population included 2,160 women aged 22\u201045. All participants completed a detailed interview on their reproductive histories. County of residence was categorized using the National Center for Health Statistics Urban\u2010Rural Classification Scheme. We estimated the association between urbanization of county of residence and tubal ligation using Cox regression. Among women with a tubal ligation, we examined factors associated with prior contraception use and the desire for more children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>After adjustment for covariates, women residing in rural counties had twice the incidence rate of tubal ligation compared with women in large metropolitan counties (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.4\u20102.9) and were on average 3 years younger at the time of the procedure. No differences were observed between small metropolitan and large metropolitan counties (aHR = 1.1, CI = 0.9\u20101.5). Our data suggest that women from large metropolitan counties are slightly more likely than women from rural counties to use hormonal contraception or long\u2010acting reversible contraception prior to tubal ligation and to desire more children after tubal ligation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women from rural counties are more likely to undergo a tubal ligation than their urban counterparts. Our results suggest that circumstances regarding opting for tubal ligation may differ between urban and rural areas, and recommendations of alternative contraceptive options may need to be tailored differently for rural areas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]],"date-time":"2017-07-21T12:22:39Z","timestamp":1500639759000},"page":"122-131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Urban\u2010Rural Differences in Tubal Ligation Incidence in the State of Georgia, USA"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Curtis D.","family":"Travers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Rollins School of Public Health Emory University  Atlanta Georgia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica B.","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carrie A.","family":"Cwiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann C.","family":"Mertens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Rollins School of Public Health Emory University  Atlanta Georgia"},{"name":"Aflac Cancer Center Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Penelope P.","family":"Howards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Rollins School of Public Health Emory University  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","volume-title":"Modernizing Rural Health Care: Coverage, Quality, and Innovation","author":"United Health Center for Health Reform & Modernization","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.1.108-JMS0102-2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.2008 Socioeconomic Survey of ACOG Fellows. pp.384\u2010388. 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