{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T16:11:05Z","timestamp":1775923865979,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":65,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010628","name":"Center for Tobacco Products","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54DA036151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54DA036151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010628","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010628","name":"Center for Tobacco Products","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01DA055696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01DA055696"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010628","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010628","name":"Center for Tobacco Products","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54DA058256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54DA058256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010628","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010628","name":"Center for Tobacco Products","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54DA046060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54DA046060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010628","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U48DP006391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U48DP006391"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA289551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA289551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Rural Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study compared two classifications of rurality and their associations with cigarette, e\u2010cigarette, and smokeless tobacco (SLT) use among a nationally representative sample of 31,196 US adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from Wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Weighted descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regressions assessed whether two classifications of rurality were differentially associated with past 30\u2010day (P30D) cigarette, e\u2010cigarette, or SLT use in separate models. Classifications were (1) the US Census Bureau's classification as urban\/non\u2010urban; and (2) the National Center for Education Statistic (NCES)\u2019s classification as urban\/suburban\/town\/rural. This study is reported in accordance with STROBE guidelines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>With the Census Bureau classification, 79.3% were in urban areas. With the NCES classification, 34.3% were in urban, 35.1% in suburban, 9.4% in town, and 21.1% in rural areas. With the Census Bureau classification, non\u2010urban (vs. urban) residence was associated with reduced odds of e\u2010cigarette use (AOR = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.70\u20130.88) and increased odds of SLT use (AOR = 2.32; 95% CI = 1.97\u20132.72). With the NCES classification with urban as reference, rural residence was associated with reduced odds of e\u2010cigarette use (AOR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.75\u20130.98); both town (AOR = 2.16; 95% CI = 1.69\u20132.78) and rural (AOR = 2.75; 95% CI = 2.16, 3.48) were associated with increased odds of SLT use. Location was not associated with cigarette use for either classification.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Location was similarly associated with P30D e\u2010cigarette and SLT use across both classifications in adjusted models. The use of classifications with more categories may be beneficial to understand nuanced location differences in tobacco use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.70070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T05:09:26Z","timestamp":1754456966000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A comparison of classifications for geographic location and their associations with tobacco use among US adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2543-561X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenny E.","family":"Ozga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Health &amp; Health Policy Westat  Rockville Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5477-3007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Milstred","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology West Virginia University  Morgantown West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5965-7224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa D.","family":"Blank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology West Virginia University  Morgantown West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8465-8763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Kay","family":"Rayens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing and Public Health University of Kentucky  Lexington Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brittney","family":"Keller\u2010Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine College of Medicine The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"},{"name":"Center for Tobacco Research Comprehensive Cancer Center The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4743-2145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan E.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tobacco Research Comprehensive Cancer Center The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"},{"name":"College of Public Health The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Himelhoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience Biological Sciences Division University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cassandra A.","family":"Stanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Health &amp; Health Policy Westat  Rockville Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7111a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000000753"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000476"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12583"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105898"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntae303"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/mlr.0000000000001612"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2020.1856292"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"United States Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. National Institute on Drug Abuse; United States Department of Health and Human Services. Food and Drug Administration. Center for Tobacco ProductsPopulation Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study [United States] Restricted\u2010Use Files. 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