{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:08:45Z","timestamp":1785427725838,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,5]],"date-time":"2014-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Small Animal Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the types and frequency of ophthalmic findings in pugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>MATERIALS AND METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective analysis of case records of pugs presented to an ophthalmology unit between 2001 and 2012. Ophthalmological findings were correlated with age, gender, presenting signs and time of onset of disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 130 pugs (258 eyes) with a mean (\u00b1sd) age of 2 \u00b7 8 (\u00b12 \u00b7 87) years were examined. Ocular abnormalities identified included keratoconjunctivitis sicca (n = 39 eyes), macroblepharon (n = 258 eyes), entropion (n = 258 eyes), distichiasis (n = 56 eyes), ectopic cilia (n = 8 eyes), conjunctivitis (n = 88 eyes), corneal pigmentation (n = 101 eyes), opacity (n = 63 eyes), ulceration (n = 46 eyes), vascularisation (n = 35 eyes), iris\u2010to\u2010iris persistent pupillary membranes (n = 21 eyes) and cataract (n = 18). Keratoconjunctivitis sicca was significantly associated with the presence of corneal pigmentation (P = 0 \u00b7 007 for left eyes; P = 0 \u00b7 043 for right eyes). However corneal pigmentation was also identified in pugs (n = 61) without keratoconjunctivitis sicca. There was a significant influence of ectopic cilia on corneal ulceration (P &lt; 0 \u00b7 001). Younger dogs (mean age, 1 \u00b7 28 (\u00b10 \u00b7 45) years) were significantly more affected by distichiasis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE<\/jats:title><jats:p>The high number of cases of corneal pigmentation without keratoconjunctivitis sicca suggests that there may be additional yet undetermined factors involved in the development of corneal pigmentation in pugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,5]],"date-time":"2014-11-05T07:35:43Z","timestamp":1415172943000},"page":"96-102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["A retrospective survey of ocular abnormalities in pugs: 130 cases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Krecny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Companion Animals and Horses University of Veterinary Medicine  Vienna 1210 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Tichy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Biomedical Sciences University of Veterinary Medicine  Vienna 1210 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Rushton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Companion Animals and Horses University of Veterinary Medicine  Vienna 1210 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Nell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Companion Animals and Horses University of Veterinary Medicine  Vienna 1210 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12079"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12089"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2008.00660.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","first-page":"1211","volume-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Davidson M. 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