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While the accuracy of diagnosis of ectopic ureters has improved due to increased use of CT and\/or cystoscopy, the diagnosis of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence largely remains one of exclusion. New treatment options have been developed for both conditions, which have reduced morbidity and mortality, although the rate of long\u2010term urinary continence has not significantly improved for either and neither has our understanding of the pathophysiology behind these failures. 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