{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T09:51:30Z","timestamp":1787392290461,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Small Animal Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the clinical findings, magnetic resonance imaging features, management and outcome of canine cases with presumed optic neuritis of non\u2010infectious origin that were presented to a UK referral centre from January 2000 to December 2015.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The clinical database was searched for optic neuritis. Dogs with acute\u2010onset vision impairment, systemic immunosuppressive treatment and follow\u2010up of \u22656\u00a0months were included. Information collected included: age; gender; breed; clinical signs and duration; physical, ophthalmic and neurological examination findings; concurrent systemic disease; and results of electroretinogram, magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, polymerase chain reaction and serology testing for<jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Neospora caninum<\/jats:italic>and canine distemper virus, haematology and serum biochemistry profiles, abdominal ultrasound, thoracic radiography, treatment and outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010eight dogs were included, with a total of 48 affected optic nerves. Age at presentation ranged from 6 months to 10.5\u2009years. Fundoscopic evidence of optic nerve disease was present in 34 of 48 (71%) optic nerves. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed enlargement of 32 of 48 (67%) nerves and contrast enhancement of 28 of 48 (58%) nerves. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis performed in 25 of 28 (89%) dogs revealed pleocytosis (&gt;5 nucleated cells\/uL) in 11 of 25 (44%) and increased protein (&gt;0.35\u2009g\/L) in 11 of 25 (44%). Immunosuppressive prednisolone was administered to all dogs. Prednisolone was used alone in 9 of 28 (32%) dogs; the remaining 19 dogs received a combination of prednisolone with cytosine arabinoside, cyclosporine and\/or azathioprine. Vision was recovered in 24 eyes (50%) of 18 affected dogs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>A positive response to treatment was observed in 64% of dogs with presumptively diagnosed optic neuritis treated with immunosuppressive medication.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T06:31:01Z","timestamp":1601361061000},"page":"676-683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Presumed optic neuritis of non\u2010infectious origin in dogs treated with immunosuppressive medication: 28 dogs (2000\u20102015)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Bedos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Trust Lanwades Park Kentford CB8 7UU UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Tetas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Ophthalmology Unit Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park Kentford CB8 7UU UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Crespo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology and Neurosurgery Unit Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park Kentford CB8 7UU UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Shea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2010.00865.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","first-page":"1432","volume-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Bianca C. M.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.199.06.755","article-title":"Acute blindness associated with intracranial tumors in dogs and cats: eight cases (1984\u20101989)","volume":"199","author":"Davidson M. G.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Optic neuritis in dogs: 50 cases (1987\u20102001)","author":"Davidson M. G.","year":"2002","journal-title":"ECVO\/ESVO Annual Meeting"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2000.tb03184.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","first-page":"68","article-title":"Optic neuritis in dogs","volume":"160","author":"Fischer C. A.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medial Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","first-page":"988","article-title":"Traumatic cataract and optic nerve atrophy in a dog","volume":"69","author":"Gelatt K. N.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Clinician"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","first-page":"168","volume-title":"Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology","author":"Glass E.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2007.00584.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","first-page":"638","article-title":"Multifocal ocular histoplasmosis in a dog and cat","volume":"176","author":"Gwin R. M.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874364101206010065"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","first-page":"302","article-title":"Cryptococcosis involving the eye and central nervous system of a dog","volume":"189","author":"Jergens A. E.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2005.00409.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12473"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.71.509"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-37-6-557"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","first-page":"234","article-title":"Closantel intoxication in a dog","volume":"37","author":"McEntee K.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Veterinary and Human Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2008.00652.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-0481-58-2-86"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5942"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2010.01783.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","first-page":"398","article-title":"Optic neuritis caused by canine distemper virus in a Jack Russell terrier","volume":"52","author":"Richards T. R.","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1973.tb01317.x","article-title":"Cerebroespinal fluid in 25 cases of optic neuritis","volume":"49","author":"Sanberg M.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2010.00814.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","first-page":"442","article-title":"Optic neuritis in dogs: 96 cases (1983\u20102016)","volume":"10","author":"Smith S. M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2004.04030.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098586600300606"}],"container-title":["Journal of Small Animal Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jsap.13233","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jsap.13233","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jsap.13233","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T01:45:40Z","timestamp":1723686340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jsap.13233"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jsap.13233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsap.13233","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-4510","1748-5827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-4510","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-5827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-05-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}