{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:14:41Z","timestamp":1787015681775,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Small Animal Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the prevalence of subclinical bactibilia in apparently healthy shelter dogs and characterise serum liver enzymes activities, hepatobiliary histopathology and bile cytology in apparently healthy dogs with and without bactibilia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Healthy, abandoned dogs euthanased for non\u2010medical reasons were prospectively recruited for this cross\u2010sectional study. Whole blood, collected immediately before euthanasia, was submitted for serum liver enzyme activity (alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and gamma\u2010glutamyl transferase) analyses. Bile, gall bladder and liver samples were collected aseptically from dogs within 25\u2009minutes of euthanasia. Bile was submitted for bacterial culture and cytology in all dogs. Gall bladder and liver samples were submitted for histopathological examination in bactibilic dogs and nine randomly selected non\u2010bactibilic dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty\u2010five healthy dogs were included in this study. Bactibilia was diagnosed in 10.8% (7\/65) of dogs, with 9.2% (6\/65) of dogs diagnosed on cytological examination and 4.6% (3\/65) on culture. Elevated alanine aminotransferase activities were present in one bactibilic and five non\u2010bactibilic dogs; and elevated gamma\u2010glutamyl transferase activities in one bactibilic and two non\u2010bactibilic dogs. No dogs had elevated alkaline phosphatase activities. Histopathological changes in bactibilic and non\u2010bactibilic dogs included lymphoplasmocellular cholecystitis (7\/7 and 9\/9), gall bladder oedema (7\/7 and 9\/9), hepatic vacuolar degeneration (6\/7 and 8\/9), cholangitis (5\/7 and 7\/9), hepatic nodular hyperplasia (3\/7 and 5\/9) and hepatic cholestasis (2\/7 and 4\/9).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study confirms that subclinical bactibilia occurs in a small number of apparently healthy shelter dogs and that subclinical hepatobiliary histopathological abnormalities can occur in apparently healthy bactibilic and non\u2010bactibilic dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T07:01:39Z","timestamp":1626332499000},"page":"948-958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Prevalence of subclinical bactibilia in\u00a0apparently healthy shelter dogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Verwey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Clinic Tygerberg Animal Hospital Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Gal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Kettner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Clinic Tygerberg Animal Hospital Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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