{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:04:44Z","timestamp":1790625884180,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Small Animal Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine if gall bladder dysmotility occurs in dogs investigated for chronic altered appetite and to determine if gall bladder dysmotility warrants further investigation as a contributing factor to altered appetite.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Case series of dogs investigated for chronic gastrointestinal disease. Gastrointestinal clinical signs were assessed before and after a 6\u2010week hydrolysed protein diet. Gall bladder ejection fractions were determined at the end of the 6\u2010week hydrolysed protein diet as part of an investigation that included a full blood cell count, biochemistry, abdominal X\u2010rays and ultrasound. The gall bladder ejections fraction results of dogs with normal appetite were compared to dogs with general inappetence and dogs with diurnal inappetence in the morning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this retrospective case series of 14 dogs, altered appetite was the most frequent and persistent clinical sign associated with chronic gastrointestinal disease. Nine dogs had suboptimal gall bladder function and this occurred in dogs with, and without, gravity\u2010dependent biliary sludge. Gall bladder function and volumes of dogs in this study were comparable to those of dogs with nongravity\u2010dependent gall bladder sludge or gall bladder mucoceles in other studies. There was an observable difference in gall bladder ejection fractions between groups defined by appetite but no statistically significant difference was present. Small sample sizes meant the effect size was large.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gall bladder dysmotility and distension can occur in the absence of gall bladder sludge and mucocoeles in younger dogs. Gall bladder dysmotility requires further investigation as a potential contributing factor to altered appetite in dogs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T08:35:21Z","timestamp":1629880521000},"page":"1101-1107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Gall bladder ejection fractions in dogs investigated for chronic altered appetite: 14 cases (2015\u20132017)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"A. 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