{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:42:05Z","timestamp":1791862925734,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Small Animal Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare detection of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> species and antimicrobial\u2010resistant <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> in the faeces of dogs eating raw meat or non\u2010raw diets and examine risk factors for their carriage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Canine faecal samples (raw fed n=114; non\u2010raw fed n=76) were collected from May to July 2015 from across the UK. Enrichment and selective culture and biochemical and PCR assays were used to identify isolates. <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> underwent susceptibility testing to a range of antimicrobials, including third\u2010generation cephalosporins; PCR assays were used to detect antimicrobial\u2010resistant genes. Questionnaires were used to collect data on independent variables as risks for antimicrobial\u2010resistant (resistant to \u22651 tested antimicrobial), multi\u2010drug\u2010resistant (resistant to \u22653 antimicrobial classes) and third\u2010generation cephalosporin resistant <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antimicrobial\u2010resistant, multi\u2010drug\u2010resistant and third\u2010generation cephalosporin resistant <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> were significantly more likely to be detected in raw fed (54, 25 and 31%, respectively) compared to non\u2010raw fed (17, 4 and 4%, respectively) dogs; <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> species were detected in eight (4%) raw fed dogs only.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Raw fed dogs may be a source of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> species and <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, resistant to highest priority critically important antimicrobials, representing a potential animal welfare and public health issue. Owners should be aware of the risks, especially households with members, both human and canine, who are very young, elderly or immunocompromised.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T06:59:15Z","timestamp":1645513155000},"page":"435-441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["<scp>UK<\/scp> dogs eating raw meat diets have higher risk of <scp><i>Salmonella<\/i><\/scp> and antimicrobial\u2010resistant <scp><i>Escherichia coli<\/i><\/scp> faecal carriage"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"E. F.","family":"Groat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Science Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Livestock and One Health Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Pinchbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Livestock and One Health Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Science Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Science Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5460-6217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V. M.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Science Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences (IVES), University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","unstructured":"Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food (ACMSF). (2018)Raw pet food.https:\/\/acmsf.food.gov.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/acm_1270_annex_a.pdf. Accessed December 11 2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","unstructured":"Ahmet S. (2017)An insight into raw dog food manufacture using human grade meats.https:\/\/www.naturaldogsdirect.co.uk\/human\u2010grade\u2010raw\u2010dog\u2010food\u2010defra\/. Accessed September 13 2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.j3642"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-18-352"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187239"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.4.1319-1322.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12323"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01076-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals","author":"CLSI","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial disk and dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals","author":"CLSI","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp498"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq412"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","volume-title":"UK Veterinary Antibiotic Resistance and Sales Surveillance: UK\u2010VARSS 2013","author":"Eckford S.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03850.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","unstructured":"Food Standards Agency (FSA). (2019)How to cook your food to prevent food poisoning.https:\/\/www.food.gov.uk\/safety\u2010hygiene\/cooking\u2010your\u2010food. Accessed March 13 2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.j4972"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(09)70549-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh332"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105199"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2006.03.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1306.061576"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/524844"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638718823046"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2009.01320.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0553-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.62.9.3350-3354.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","unstructured":"MedCalc easy\u2010to\u2010use statistical software(2021)https:\/\/www.medcalc.org\/calc\/comparison_of_proportions.php. Accessed January 16 2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/45.6.881"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/iee.v5.28758"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13889"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.6.2153-2162.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","unstructured":"Public Health England (PHE). (2013)Summary of electronic foodborne and non\u2010foodborne gastrointestinal outbreak surveillance system (eFOSS) data.https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/426019\/eFOSS_surveillance_tables_for_Web.pdf. Accessed March 2 2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","unstructured":"Public Health England (PHE). (2018) Investigation into an outbreak of Shiga toxin producingEscherichia coli(STEC) O157 PT 21\/28 Stx2 in England August 2017.https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/765498\/STEC_O157_PT21.28_Outbreak_Report.pdf. Accessed March 2 2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","unstructured":"Public Health England (PHE). (2019) Raw pet foods: handling and preventing infection.https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/guidance\/raw\u2010pet\u2010foods\u2010handling\u2010and\u2010preventing\u2010infection. Accessed March 2 2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","unstructured":"Rabash J. Charlton C. Browne W. J. et al. (2016) MLwiN Version 2.36.http:\/\/www.bristol.ac.uk\/cmm\/media\/software\/mlwin\/downloads\/manuals\/2\u201036\/manual\u2010print.pdf. Accessed January 16 2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.10.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02137-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01647-05"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105644"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","first-page":"3305","article-title":"Routine antibiotic therapy in dogs increases the detection of antimicrobial\u2010resistant faecal Escherichia coli","volume":"73","author":"Schmidt V. M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2298"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","unstructured":"The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptiblity Testing (EUCAST). (2015). Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 5.0 2015.https:\/\/eucast.org. Accessed December 31 2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12525"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","unstructured":"UK\u2010VARSS 2020. (2019)Veterinary antibiotic resistance and sales surveillance report.https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/veterinary\u2010antimicrobial\u2010resistance\u2010and\u2010sales\u2010surveillance\u20102019. Accessed February 2 2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104535"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231275"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuw005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","unstructured":"Wareham K.(2019)Risk factors for the carriage of antimicrobial\u2010resistantEscherichia coliin puppies and adult dogs. Master's Thesis University of Bristol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.d1540"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO). (2019)Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine.https:\/\/www.who.int\/foodsafety\/publications\/antimicrobials\u2010sixth\/en\/. Accessed January 23 2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00062"}],"container-title":["Journal of Small Animal Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jsap.13488","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jsap.13488","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jsap.13488","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T10:28:33Z","timestamp":1692872913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jsap.13488"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jsap.13488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsap.13488","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-4510","1748-5827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-4510","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-5827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-07-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-01-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}