{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T22:40:46Z","timestamp":1779921646754,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Small Animal Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Metabolic alkalosis, although uncommon in small animals, has been previously associated with gastrointestinal obstructions. Depending on the population and disease process evaluated, previous prevalence of metabolic alkalosis is reported as ranging from 2% to 45% in canine patients. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic alkalosis and other acid\u2013base and electrolyte disorders in a cohort of dogs with a confirmed upper gastrointestinal obstruction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electronic medical records were reviewed to identify dogs who presented for vomiting with evidence of an upper gastrointestinal obstruction from January 2015 to October 2021. Patients were enrolled only if a preoperative venous blood gas was obtained and analysed in house. Traditional acid\u2013base analysis was utilised to determine an acid\u2013base status before relieving the obstruction. When available, post\u2010operative venous acid\u2013base status was determined within 24\u2009hours after surgery, and compared to preoperative results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 115 dogs were included in the study. Twenty\u2010five out of 115 (22%) dogs displayed either a simple metabolic alkalosis or a mixed acid\u2013base disturbance before surgery. Twenty\u2010seven out of 115 dogs (37%) had a normal acid\u2013base status at entry. Seventy\u2010one dogs had pre\u2010 and post\u2010operative venous blood gas results available. Metabolic alkalosis was resolved in nearly all patients post\u2010operatively, with no patients displaying a simple metabolic alkalosis. A mixed metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis was the most common condition post\u2010operatively, found in 25 of 71 (35%) dogs. Severe derangements of electrolytes were infrequent preoperatively (3\/115; 2.6%). A majority of patients in this study exhibited hypokalaemia (64.4%), hypochloraemia (72.8%) and hyponatraemia (77.4%) on preoperative venous blood gases. Venous pH, P<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, bicarbonate and base excess were significantly higher preoperatively when compared to the post\u2010operative results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study found the prevalence of pre\u2010operative metabolic alkalosis in dogs with a documented upper gastrointestinal obstruction to be lower than previously reported. Surgical or endoscopic alleviation of the upper gastrointestinal obstruction resulted in resolution of metabolic alkalosis in nearly all patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T09:58:30Z","timestamp":1691661510000},"page":"696-703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Acid\u2013base and electrolyte evaluation in dogs with upper <scp>GI<\/scp> obstruction: 115 dogs (2015\u20102021)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"B. A.","family":"Lozano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&amp;M University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital  408 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy, College Station TX 77845 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Yankin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&amp;M University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital  408 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy, College Station TX 77845 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&amp;M University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital  408 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy, College Station TX 77845 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. R.","family":"Rutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&amp;M University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital  408 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy, College Station TX 77845 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-0654-3.00011-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02770.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"Kirk's Current Veterinary Therapy XV","author":"Bonagura J. 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