{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T16:57:32Z","timestamp":1773248252484,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012491","name":"Science and Technology Development Center, Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1F1A104546013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1F1A104546013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012491","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002551","name":"Seoul National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002551","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Small Animal Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the intraoperative isoflurane\u2010sparing and cardiovascular effects of a combined infusion of remifentanil\u2013lidocaine\u2013ketamine <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> remifentanil\u2013ketamine for balanced anaesthesia in cats to investigate the effect of lidocaine infusion in various clinical situations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among patients with various health statuses undergoing surgical procedures, 18 cats administered remifentanil\u2013lidocaine\u2013ketamine were compared with 20 cats administered remifentanil\u2013ketamine. In the remifentanil\u2013lidocaine\u2013ketamine group, lidocaine was initially infused at 50\u2009\u03bcg\/kg\/minute with a loading dose of 0.6\u2009mg\/kg, and the infusion rate was controlled depending on cardiovascular alterations. Linear regression was used to relate end\u2010tidal isoflurane and cardiovascular effects, including blood pressure [expressed as the ratio of mild hypotension duration (mean arterial pressure &lt;60\u2009mmHg) to total anaesthesia time] and heart rate (interquartile range) with patient, surgical and anaesthetic variables including lidocaine infusion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the remifentanil\u2013lidocaine\u2013ketamine group, the average lidocaine infusion rate during the entire anaesthetic period was 46.00\u2009\u00b1\u200912.00 (range: 22.67 to 64.63) \u03bcg\/kg\/minute. The multivariable regression model of end\u2010tidal isoflurane showed a correlation with the duration of the procedure and lidocaine infusion. The end\u2010tidal isoflurane concentration exhibited a significant reduction in the remifentanil\u2013lidocaine\u2013ketamine group (1.16%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.19%), compared with that of the remifentanil\u2013ketamine group (1.27%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.14%). The association between lidocaine administration and hypotension was not significant, nor was that with heart rate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although the use of intravenous lidocaine in cats has been associated with concerns regarding cardiovascular toxicity, the findings of this study suggest that lidocaine infusion, as part of the remifentanil\u2013lidocaine\u2013ketamine combination, can be considered a component of balanced anaesthesia in cats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:56:48Z","timestamp":1743123408000},"page":"532-539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A retrospective study of the isoflurane\u2010sparing and cardiovascular effects of\u00a0combined remifentanil\u2013ketamine infusions with and without lidocaine 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