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In addition, unwanted behavioural changes may occur after gonadectomy rather than expected improvement in behaviour in some dogs. However, the fact that surgical gonadectomy increases the risk of any such condition does not mean that dogs should not be spayed\/neutered any more. Gonadectomy still plays a major role in lowering the risk of mammary neoplasia and pyometra in bitches and of prostatic hypertrophy in male dogs. The evidence that gonadectomy influences the development of a condition is often conflicting, and it varies depending on the breed, sex and condition. This paper briefly illustrates current knowledge on the incidence of the above conditions in gonadectomised dogs, providing information on whether or not \u2013 and what is the best age at which \u2013 to perform gonadectomy in our companion dogs based on available scientific data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T14:42:29Z","timestamp":1752072149000},"page":"761-766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["When \u2013 and whether \u2013 should we spay\/neuter companion dogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0557-8157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Romagnoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine Production and Health University of Padova  Legnaro 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