{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T13:13:16Z","timestamp":1769260396221,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Small Animal Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the clinical signs, treatments performed, poison severity and outcome in dogs exposed to electronic cigarettes or e\u2010liquids.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cases of dogs with exposure to electronic cigarettes or e\u2010liquid and known outcome in the Veterinary Poisons Information Service (VPIS) database were reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 321 dogs, 170 (53%) remained asymptomatic. Oral\/buccal exposure was the most common route of exposure (98.8%). One dog had the liquid applied in the ear, two had ocular exposure and two had both ocular and oral exposure. The most common signs were emesis (23.1% overall), hypersalivation (13.1%) and tachycardia (9.0%). The strength of the liquid was unknown in 22.7% of cases; where known, the most common strength was 18\u2009mg\/mL (19.3%). The median dose of nicotine reported in cases of oral exposure was 2.6\u2009mg\/kg (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200993), but was not related to severity of clinical signs; 94.4% remained well or developed only mild signs. Of the 321 dogs, 27.7% received no treatment or observation only; 45.2% received gut decontamination, most commonly activated charcoal only (23.7%) or oral lavage only (13.1%). The median recovery time was 3\u2009hours. Of 151 dogs that developed signs, 149 recovered. One dog was euthanased due to financial constraints and, in the only fatal case, a dog collapsed and died at 3.5\u2009hours.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most dogs had none or only mild signs after exposure to electronic cigarette liquid. Severe poisoning is uncommon, and the severity of poisoning is unrelated to the reported dose.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.70014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T01:27:01Z","timestamp":1754962021000},"page":"39-46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electronic cigarette or e\u2010liquid (vape liquid) exposure in dogs: 321 cases (2011\u20102024)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7310-7042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Bates","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Poisons Information Service (VPIS)  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Towner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Poisons Information Service (VPIS)  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4903-2826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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