{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T05:04:36Z","timestamp":1779685476821,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]],"date-time":"2026-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]],"date-time":"2026-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779580800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Small Animal Practice"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metoclopramide is used for prevention or treatment of emesis and gastroesophageal reflux in dogs. Historically, it has been administered three to four times a day. However, reports of adverse reactions associated with intravenous boluses raise concerns. A more modern trend is to administer the total daily dose as a constant rate infusion of 1 to 2\u2009mg\/kg\/day. A loading dose prior to the infusion is often omitted, which can delay the onset of action. Adequate loading doses for these constant rate infusions are not known. We have reanalysed pharmacokinetic data from dogs receiving metoclopramide and modelled its behaviour when administered as a constant rate infusion, with and without loading doses. We have quantified the delay expected if loading doses are not administered and calculated appropriate loading doses designed to reach the target concentration while omitting unnecessarily high plasma levels. If a loading dose is omitted, a delay of 3.25\u2009hours for reaching a steady state can be expected. Loading doses of 0.05 and 0.1\u2009mg\/kg are recommended for infusions of 1 and 2\u2009mg\/kg\/day, respectively, in order to reach targeted plasma levels almost immediately.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.70144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T05:01:05Z","timestamp":1779685265000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bolus and infusions of metoclopramide: insights on benefits and risks from pharmacokinetic modelling"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2014-9040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Martin\u2010Flores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9799-4499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. M.","family":"Lorenzutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias IRNASUS CONICET \u2013 Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de C\u00f3rdoba  C\u00f3rdoba Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6005-1975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"Pelligand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Biomedical Sciences The Royal Veterinary College  London UK"},{"name":"Clinical Services and Sciences The Royal Veterinary College  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1976.tb04019.x","article-title":"The absorption and elimination of metoclopramide in three animal species","volume":"28","author":"Bakke O.M.","year":"1976","journal-title":"The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2017.09.042","article-title":"Effect of metoclopramide on nausea and emesis in dogs premedicated with morphine and dexmedetomidine","volume":"45","author":"Brioschi F.A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Pumb's veterinary drug handbook","author":"Budde J.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/vrc2.70277","article-title":"Transient cardiorespiratory arrest following an intravenous bolus dose of metoclopramide in a premedicated dog","volume":"14","author":"Fustero Avila C.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Veterinary Record Case Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198110153051601","article-title":"Antiemetic efficacy of high\u2010dose metoclopramide: randomized trials with placebo and prochlorperazine in patients with chemotherapy\u2010induced nausea and vomiting","volume":"305","author":"Gralla R.J.","year":"1981","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.255.4.437","article-title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of preoperative administration of maropitant citrate and metoclopramide hydrochloride in preventing postoperative clinical gastroesophageal reflux in dogs","volume":"255","author":"Jones C.T.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1156-7","article-title":"Anti\u2010nausea effects and pharmacokinetics of ondansetron, maropitant and metoclopramide in a low\u2010dose cisplatin model of nausea and vomiting in the dog: a blinded crossover study","volume":"13","author":"Kenward H.","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"A comparison between maropitant and metoclopramide for the prevention of morphine\u2010induced nausea and vomiting in dogs","volume":"58","author":"Lorenzutti A.M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.06.015","article-title":"Extrapyramidal signs following a single intravenous dose of metoclopramide in an English Bulldog","volume":"48","author":"Piana F.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2025.12.002","article-title":"Severe bradycardia and asystole in a dog after intravenous metoclopramide injection","volume":"53","author":"Rolfi L.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2024.07.004","article-title":"Addition of a metoclopramide constant rate infusion to prevent ptyalism, regurgitation and vomiting in brachycephalic dogs undergoing spinal surgery","volume":"51","author":"Rovatti I.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2008.00991.x","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of maropitant and selected drugs in preventing emesis induced by centrally or peripherally acting emetogens in dogs","volume":"31","author":"Sedlacek H.S.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2004.00602.x","article-title":"Volumes of distribution","volume":"27","author":"Toutain P.L.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2004.00600.x","article-title":"Plasma terminal half\u2010life","volume":"27","author":"Toutain P.L.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12449","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysmotility disorders in critically ill dogs and cats","volume":"26","author":"Whitehead K.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care (San Antonio, Tex.: 2001)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Small Animal Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jsap.70144","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jsap.70144","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jsap.70144","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T05:01:07Z","timestamp":1779685267000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jsap.70144"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]]},"references-count":15,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jsap.70144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsap.70144","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-4510","1748-5827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-4510","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-5827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jsap.70144"}}