{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T02:01:43Z","timestamp":1789696903183,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Small Animal Practice"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To obtain insights for establishing radiation therapy strategies that provide long\u2010term locoregional benefits in canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma, we evaluated whether a dose\u2010escalated protocol (10\u2009\u00d7\u20094.0\u2009Gy) could improve clinical outcomes, particularly long\u2010term locoregional control, while maintaining acceptable toxicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This retrospective cohort study included dogs with apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma treated with three\u2010dimensional conformal radiation therapy between September 2016 and September 2025. Dogs administered chemotherapy agents other than toceranib phosphate were excluded. Dogs were classified according to the radiation therapy protocol received as the dose\u2010escalated protocol group (10\u2009\u00d7\u20094.0\u2009Gy; Group A,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200915) or the comparison group (8\u2009\u00d7\u20093.8\u2009Gy; Group B,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200911). Outcomes included overall survival, progression\u2010free survival, local progression\u2010free survival and radiation\u2010related adverse effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The median overall survival, progression\u2010free survival and local progression\u2010free survival of Group A (1534, 926 and 1554\u2009days, respectively) were significantly longer than those of Group B (821, 258 and 351\u2009days, respectively). The treatment response rate based on the 3\u2010month follow\u2010up CT examination was higher in Group A (90.9%) than in Group B (10.0%). The 1\u2010year\u2009local progression\u2010free survival rate was also higher in Group A (93.3%) than in Group B (45.5%). Additionally, all observed radiation\u2010related adverse effects were clinically manageable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study demonstrated that the dose\u2010escalated 10\u2009\u00d7\u20094.0\u2009Gy protocol was associated with improved locoregional control and clinically manageable toxicity. Our findings suggest that dose escalation in apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma therapy can be an effective strategy when sustained locoregional control is a clinical priority.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.70203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T01:04:48Z","timestamp":1789693488000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A dose\u2010escalated radiation protocol of 10\u2009\u00d7\u20094.0\u2009Gy provides long\u2010term local control in canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3630-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Terauchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences Gifu University  Gifu Japan"},{"name":"KyotoAR Advanced Veterinary Medical Center  Kyoto Japan"},{"name":"Animal Medical Center, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences Gifu University  Gifu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4613-7232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y.","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Medical Center, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences Gifu University  Gifu Japan"},{"name":"National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases Nagasaki University  Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7781-764X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Medical Center, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences Gifu University  Gifu Japan"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine  Obihiro Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6112-8081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences Gifu University  Gifu Japan"},{"name":"Animal Medical Center, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences Gifu University  Gifu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(82)90459-X","article-title":"Dose fractionation, dose rate and iso\u2010effect relationships for normal tissue responses","volume":"8","author":"Barendsen G.W.","year":"1982","journal-title":"International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12633","article-title":"Surgical management of primary, metastatic and recurrent anal sac adenocarcinoma in the dog: 52 cases","volume":"58","author":"Barnes D.C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Small Animal Practice"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2002.tb01613.x","article-title":"Canine anal sac adenocarcinomas: clinical presentation and response to therapy","volume":"16","author":"Bennett P.F.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1989.tb00787.x","article-title":"Canine perineal tumours","volume":"36","author":"Berrocal A.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Veterin\u00e4rmedizin. Reihe A"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360\u20103016(91)90171\u2010Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.13317","article-title":"Stereotactic radiotherapy for advanced canine anal sac adenocarcinoma: an exploratory study","volume":"65","author":"Faletti C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2005.09.028","article-title":"Conformity index: a review","volume":"64","author":"Feuvret L.","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.02.0102","article-title":"Short\u2010 and long\u2010term outcomes associated with anal sacculectomy in dogs with massive apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma","volume":"261","author":"Griffin M.A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12483","article-title":"Survival analysis in dogs with urinary transitional cell carcinoma that underwent whole\u2010body computed tomography at diagnosis","volume":"17","author":"Iwasaki R.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Veterinary and Comparative Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.244","article-title":"Investigation of the freely available easy\u2010to\u2010use software \u2018EZR\u2019 for medical statistics","volume":"48","author":"Kanda Y.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplantation"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12701","article-title":"Retrospective assessment of radiation toxicity from a definitive\u2010intent, moderately hypofractionated image\u2010guided intensity\u2010modulated protocol for anal sac adenocarcinoma in dogs","volume":"20","author":"K\u00f6rner M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Veterinary and Comparative Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-021-01925-z","article-title":"Development and validation of a radiomics\u2010based model to predict local progression\u2010free survival after chemo\u2010radiotherapy in patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer","volume":"16","author":"Luo H.S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiation Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.13052","article-title":"Retrospective study evaluating the outcome and efficacy of stereotactic body radiation therapy for the treatment of metastatic abdominal lymph nodes in dogs with apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma","volume":"23","author":"Martin T.W.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Veterinary and Comparative Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12441","article-title":"A complication probability study for a definitive\u2010intent, moderately hypofractionated image\u2010guided intensity\u2010modulated radiotherapy protocol for anal sac adenocarcinoma in dogs","volume":"17","author":"Meier V.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Veterinary and Comparative Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12248","article-title":"Outcome in dogs with advanced (stage 3b) anal sac gland carcinoma treated with surgery or hypofractionated radiation therapy","volume":"15","author":"Meier V.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Veterinary and Comparative Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11050219","article-title":"Radiotherapy for canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma: survival outcomes and side effects of a palliative treatment protocol of 20 Gy in five consecutive fractions","volume":"11","author":"Mendez Valenzuela C.R.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Veterinary Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12032","article-title":"Response evaluation criteria for solid tumours in dogs (v1.0): a veterinary cooperative oncology group (VCOG) consensus document","volume":"13","author":"Nguyen S.M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Veterinary and Comparative Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14601","article-title":"Utility of computed tomography versus abdominal ultrasound examination to identify iliosacral lymphadenomegaly in dogs with apocrine gland adenocarcinoma of the anal sac","volume":"30","author":"Palladino S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.13291","article-title":"ACVR and ECVDI consensus statement: reporting elements for toxicity criteria of the veterinary radiation therapy oncology group v2.0","volume":"64","author":"Poirier V.J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02960.x","article-title":"Clinical stage, therapy, and prognosis in canine anal sac gland carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Polton G.A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.246.8.877","article-title":"Surgical excision of anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinomas with and without adjunctive chemotherapy in dogs: 42 cases (2005\u20102011)","volume":"246","author":"Potanas C.P.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12756","article-title":"Increased incidence of gastrointestinal toxicity in canine cancer patients treated with concurrent abdominal radiation therapy and toceranib phosphate","volume":"20","author":"Prebble A.R.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Veterinary and Comparative Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.17236\/sat00375","article-title":"Radiation therapy for the treatment of macroscopic canine anal gland tumors \u2013 a retrospective study","volume":"164","author":"Rohrer Bley C.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schweizer Archiv f\u00fcr Tierheilkunde"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","volume-title":"Human Radiation Injury","author":"Shrieve D.C.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.253.1.84","article-title":"Outcome and clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical factors associated with prognosis for dogs with early\u2010stage anal sac adenocarcinoma treated with surgery alone: 34 cases (2002\u20102013)","volume":"253","author":"Skorupski K.A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13426","article-title":"Computed tomographic staging of dogs with anal sac adenocarcinoma","volume":"63","author":"Sutton D.R.","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Small Animal Practice"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12998","article-title":"Pilot study evaluating the feasibility of stereotactic body radiation therapy for canine anal sac adenocarcinomas","volume":"62","author":"Swan M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12774","article-title":"Canine anal sac gland carcinoma with regional lymph node metastases treated with sacculectomy and lymphadenectomy: outcome and possible prognostic factors","volume":"20","author":"Tanis J.B.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Veterinary and Comparative Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.09.027","article-title":"A story of hypofractionation and the table on the wall","volume":"112","author":"Timmerman R.","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1476-5829.2003.00013.x","article-title":"Postoperative radiotherapy and mitoxantrone for anal sac adenocarcinoma in the dog: 15 cases (1991\u20102001)","volume":"1","author":"Turek M.M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Veterinary and Comparative Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.223.825","article-title":"Carcinoma of the apocrine glands of the anal sac in dogs: 113 cases (1985\u20101995)","volume":"223","author":"Williams L.E.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70375-4","article-title":"Outcomes and endpoints in trials of cancer treatment: the past, present, and future","volume":"16","author":"Wilson M.K.","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12068","article-title":"Evaluation of adjuvant carboplatin chemotherapy in the management of surgically excised anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma in dogs","volume":"14","author":"Wouda R.M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Veterinary and Comparative Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12151869","article-title":"Quantification of Canine Apocrine Gland Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) tumor specimen shrinkage after formalin fixation","volume":"12","author":"Wustefeld\u2010Janssens B.G.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Small Animal Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jsap.70203","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jsap.70203","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jsap.70203","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T01:04:52Z","timestamp":1789693492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jsap.70203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jsap.70203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsap.70203","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-4510","1748-5827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-4510","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-5827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jsap.70203"}}