{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:15:37Z","timestamp":1787015737826,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although it is known that women with dyspareunia suffer from impaired psychological and sexual functioning, the study of the various dimensions of sexual self-schema and their associations with these outcomes has been neglected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine whether self-image cognitions about vaginal penetration, body image, and feelings and beliefs about one's own genitals contribute to the variance in pain, sexual functioning, and sexual distress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Premenopausal women (n=231; M age=24.85, SD=5.55) with self-reported dyspareunia completed an online survey focusing on self-image cognitions about vaginal penetration, body image, female genital self-image, pain during intercourse, sexual functioning, sexual distress, anxiety, and catastrophizing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>(i) Pain intensity during intercourse, (ii) the Female Sexual Function Index without the Pain subscale, and (iii) the Female Sexual Distress Scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Controlling for anxiety and catastrophizing, negative self-image cognitions about vaginal penetration, negative body image, and negative genital self-image together accounted for a portion of the variance in increased pain intensity, sexual dysfunction, and sexual distress. However, only self-image cognitions about vaginal penetration (\u03b2=0.25, P =0.005) contributed uniquely to the variance in pain intensity, whereas self-image cognitions about vaginal penetration (\u03b2=\u22120.18, P =0.048) and genital self-image (\u03b2=0.21, P =0.008) contributed independently to the variance in sexual functioning. Finally, self-image cognitions about vaginal penetration (\u03b2=0.28, P &amp;lt;0.001), body image (\u03b2=0.24, P &amp;lt;0.001) and genital self-image (\u03b2=\u22120.14, P =0.006) each contributed independently to the variance in sexual distress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings suggest that self-image cognitions about vaginal penetration and feelings and beliefs about one's own body and genitals are associated with pain and sexuality outcomes in women with dyspareunia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,11]],"date-time":"2013-07-11T11:32:45Z","timestamp":1373542365000},"page":"2255-2264","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Aspects of Sexual Self-Schema in Premenopausal Women with Dyspareunia: Associations with Pain, Sexual Function, and Sexual Distress"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Els","family":"Pazmany","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Family and Sexuality Studies, Department of Development and Regeneration \u00a0 , Leuven , Belgium"},{"name":"KU Leuven \u00a0 , Leuven , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Bergeron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology \u00a0 , Montr\u00e9al, QC , Canada"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al \u00a0 , Montr\u00e9al, QC , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Van Oudenhove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine \u00a0 , Leuven , Belgium"},{"name":"KU Leuven \u00a0 , Leuven , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Verhaeghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology \u00a0 , Leuven , Belgium"},{"name":"KU Leuven \u00a0 , Leuven , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Enzlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Family and Sexuality Studies, Department of Development and Regeneration \u00a0 , Leuven , Belgium"},{"name":"KU Leuven \u00a0 , Leuven , Belgium"},{"name":"Context\u2014Centre for Couple, Family and Sex Therapy \u00a0 , Leuven , Belgium"},{"name":"UPC KU Leuven \u00a0 , Leuven , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.6.537","article-title":"Sexual dysfunction in the United States: Prevalence and predictors","volume":"281","author":"Laumann","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2004.10.003","article-title":"When sex hurts, anxiety and fear orient attention towards pain","volume":"9","author":"Payne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/00224490802624422","article-title":"Negative affect and somatically focused anxiety in young women reporting pain with intercourse","volume":"46","author":"Meana","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199405000-00003","article-title":"Painful coitus: A review of female dyspareunia","volume":"182","author":"Meana","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(98)80136-1","article-title":"Biopsychosocial profile of women with dyspareunia","volume":"90","author":"Meana","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3109\/01674820109049977","article-title":"Psychological and sexual functioning in women with vulvar vestibulitis","volume":"22","author":"Gates","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/00015550310003764","article-title":"Vulvar vestibulitis: Evidence of depression and state anxiety in patients and partners","volume":"83","author":"Nylanderlundqvist","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2661","article-title":"The influence of depression and anxiety on risk of adult onset vulvodynia","volume":"20","author":"Khandker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/713847095","article-title":"Etiological correlates of vaginismus: Sexual and physical abuse, sexual knowledge, sexual self-schema, and relationship adjustment","volume":"29","author":"Reissing","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499809551927","article-title":"Vaginal plethysmography in women with dyspareunia","volume":"35","author":"Wouda","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0060","first-page":"541","article-title":"Psychological and psychosexual aspects of vulvar vestibulitis","volume":"73","author":"Nunns","year":"1997","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(96)00080-4","article-title":"Psychologic profiles of and sexual function in women with vulvar vestibulitis and their partners","volume":"88","author":"Van Lankveld","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0070","first-page":"872","article-title":"Vulvar vestibulitis: Medical, psychosexual and psychosocial aspects, a case-control study","volume":"79","author":"Danielsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0075","article-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2000"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230802525604","article-title":"Cognitive-affective correlates and predictors of superficial dyspareunia","volume":"35","author":"Brauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31819976e3","article-title":"Fear avoidance and self-efficacy in relation to pain and sexual impairment in women with provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"25","author":"Desrochers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-010-9647-7","article-title":"Attributions about pain as predictors of psychological symptomatology, sexual function, and dyadic adjustment in women with vestibulodynia","volume":"40","author":"Jodoin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2012.02851.x","article-title":"Harmful or helpful: Perceived solicitous and facilitative partner responses are differentially associated with pain and sexual satisfaction in women with provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"9","author":"Rosen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01217.x","article-title":"Development and initial validation of the vaginal penetration cognition questionnaire (VPCQ) in a sample of women with vaginismus and dyspareunia","volume":"6","author":"Klaassen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2012.658586","article-title":"Body image and female sexual functioning and behavior: A review","volume":"49","author":"Woertman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230590950208","article-title":"Psychological factors associated with perception of experimental pain in vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Granot","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0115","first-page":"145","article-title":"The vestibulitis syndrome. Medical and psychosexual assessment of a cohort of patients","volume":"42","author":"Jantos","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0120","first-page":"593","article-title":"Psychosexual aspects of vulvar vestibulitis","volume":"46","author":"Sackett","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.01728.x","article-title":"Development and validation of the female genital self-image scale","volume":"7","author":"Herbenick","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.fr.9400262","article-title":"Unreal women: Sex, gender, identity, and lived experience of vulvar pain","volume":"82","author":"Kaler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fem Rev"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/0092623X.2011.606880","article-title":"Qualitative analysis of heterosexual women's experience of sexual pain and discomfort","volume":"38","author":"Sutherland","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.02071.x","article-title":"The Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSIS): Results from a nationally representative probability sample of women in the United States","volume":"8","author":"Herbenick","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230490463264","article-title":"Assessing sexual function and dyspareunia with the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in women with vulvodynia","volume":"30","author":"Masheb","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-008-9467-1","article-title":"The association between body esteem and sexual desire among college women","volume":"38","author":"Seal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01604.x","article-title":"The association between sexual satisfaction and body image in women","volume":"7","author":"Pujols","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(00)00353-1","article-title":"A body image scale for use with cancer patients","volume":"37","author":"Hopwood","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0165","article-title":"Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory STAI (Form Y)","author":"Spielberger","year":"1983"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0170","article-title":"Handleiding bij de Zelf Beoordelings Vragenlijst (ZBV) [Test manual Dutch State trait anxiety inventory]","author":"van der Ploeg","year":"2000"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0175","author":"Vlaeyen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Meetinstrumenten chronische pijn: deel 4. Pijn Cognitie Lijst-2003. Handleiding. [Measuring instruments chronic pain: part 4. Pain Cognition List-2003. Manual"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.17.3.336","article-title":"Norming clinical questionnaires with multiple regression: The Pain Cognition List","volume":"17","author":"Van Breukelen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"2024032602332036700_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1990.tb00901.x","article-title":"What do chronic pain patients think of their pain? Towards a pain cognition questionnaire","volume":"29","author":"Vlaeyen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(86)90228-9","article-title":"The measurement of clinical pain intensity: A comparison of six methods","volume":"27","author":"Jensen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230600666261","article-title":"The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and the Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS): Psychometric properties within a Dutch population","volume":"32","author":"ter Kuile","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/009262300278597","article-title":"The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): A multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function","volume":"26","author":"Rosen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0205","first-page":"207","article-title":"De Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) en de Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS): Psychometrische eigenschappen in een Nederlandse populatie","volume":"33","author":"ter Kuile","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tijdschrift voor Seksuologie"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014743304566","article-title":"Reliable and valid self-report outcome measures in sexual (dys)function: A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Daker-White","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230290001448","article-title":"The Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS): Initial validation of a standardized scale for assessment of sexually related personal distress in women","volume":"28","author":"Derogatis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2009.11.012","article-title":"Self-discrepancies in work-related upper extremity pain: Relation to emotions and flexible-goal adjustment","volume":"14","author":"Goossens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2003.07.001","article-title":"Self-discrepancy in chronic low back pain: Relation to pain, depression, and psychological distress","volume":"27","author":"Waters","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230802096358","article-title":"Cognitive and emotional predictors of female sexual dysfunctions: Preliminary findings","volume":"34","author":"Nobre","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-007-9204-1","article-title":"\u201cIf sex hurts, am I still a woman?\u201d the subjective experience of vulvodynia in hetero-sexual women","volume":"37","author":"Ayling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023420431760","article-title":"Distress about sex: A national survey of women in heterosexual relationships","volume":"32","author":"Bancroft","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2007.00768.x","article-title":"What is the \u201ctrue\u201d prevalence of female sexual dysfunctions and does the way we assess these conditions have an impact?","volume":"5","author":"Hayes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2007.00705.x","article-title":"Psychosexual characteristics of vestibulodynia couples: Partner solicitousness and hostility are associated with pain","volume":"5","author":"Desrosiers","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230902851256","article-title":"Pain ratings, sensory thresholds, and psychosocial functioning in women with provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"35","author":"Sutton","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"2024032602332036700_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00442-0","article-title":"Vestibular tactile and pain thresholds in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"96","author":"Pukall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Sexual Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1743609515304859?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1743609515304859?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jsm\/article-pdf\/10\/9\/2255\/48192694\/jsm_10_9_2255.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jsm\/article-pdf\/10\/9\/2255\/48192694\/jsm_10_9_2255.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T22:34:54Z","timestamp":1711406094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jsm\/article\/10\/9\/2255\/6940112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsm.12237","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-6109","1743-6095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-6109","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1743-6095","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]}}}