{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T13:04:47Z","timestamp":1791637487781,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]],"date-time":"2013-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transsexual people receive cross-sex hormones as part of their treatment, potentially inducing hormone-sensitive malignancies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the occurrence of breast cancer in a large cohort of Dutch male and female transsexual persons, also evaluating whether the epidemiology accords with the natal sex or the new sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Number of people with breast cancer between 1975 and 2011.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We researched the occurrence of breast cancer among transsexual persons 18\u201380 years with an exposure to cross-sex hormones between 5 to &amp;gt;30 years. Our study included 2,307 male-to-female (MtF) transsexual persons undergoing androgen deprivation and estrogen administration (52,370 person-years of exposure), and 795 female-to-male (FtM) subjects receiving testosterone (15,974 total years of exposure).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among MtF individuals one case was encountered, as well as a probable but not proven second case. The estimated rate of 4.1 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.8\u201313.0) was lower than expected if these two cases are regarded as female breast cancer, but within expectations if viewed as male breast cancer. In FtM subjects, who were younger and had shorter exposure to cross-sex hormones compared with the MtF group, one breast cancer case occurred. This translated into a rate of 5.9 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI: 0.5\u201327.4), again lower than expected for female breast cancer but within expected norms for male breast cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The number of people studied and duration of hormone exposure are limited but it would appear that cross-sex hormone administration does not increase the risk of breast cancer development, in either MtF or FtM transsexual individuals. Breast carcinoma incidences in both groups are comparable to male breast cancers. Cross-sex hormone treatment of transsexual subjects does not seem to be associated with an increased risk of malignant breast development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]],"date-time":"2013-09-09T01:31:18Z","timestamp":1378690278000},"page":"3129-3134","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":203,"title":["Breast Cancer Development in Transsexual Subjects Receiving Cross-Sex Hormone Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Louis J.","family":"Gooren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emeritus VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Androconsult , Chiang Mai , Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.A.","family":"van Trotsenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik J.","family":"Giltay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, LUMC , Leiden , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"van Diest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology \u00a0 , Utrecht , The Netherlands"},{"name":"University Medical Center \u00a0 , Utrecht , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024032602344383100_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(83)90013-X","article-title":"The estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities of androgens in female target tissues","volume":"23","author":"Rochefort","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2024032602344383100_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12678272","article-title":"Proceedings: Mammogenesis in transsexuals","volume":"63","author":"Orentreich","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"2024032602344383100_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200001000-00009","article-title":"Short-term and long-term histologic effects of castration and estrogen treatment on breast tissue of 14 male-to-female transsexuals in comparison with two chemically castrated men","volume":"24","author":"Kanhai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"2024032602344383100_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1008161","article-title":"Clinical practice. 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