{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T08:05:40Z","timestamp":1769414740114,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The origin of syphilis is a matter of debate and two \u201chistorical\u201d hypotheses explain its emergence.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We present here a review about syphilis history.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A review of literature about syphilis history using the following keywords: \u201csyphilis,\u201d \u201chistory,\u201d and \u201ctreponema.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Columbian opinion is that syphilis came from the New World (America) with the crews of Christopher Columbus's fleet. As Naples fell before the invading army of Charles the VIII in 1495, a plague broke out among the French leader's troops. When the army disbanded shortly after the campaign, the troops, composed largely of mercenaries, returned to their homes and disseminated the disease across Europe. Indeed, there were reports that indigenous peoples of the New World suffered from a similar condition.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Regardless of the Columbian and the Pre-Columbian theories, syphilis remains an international disease, growing nowadays with HIV infection. Despite history, politics, paleopathology and molecular approaches, the origin of the disease remains an enigma.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,25]],"date-time":"2013-10-25T09:11:34Z","timestamp":1382692294000},"page":"307-310","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["History of Syphilis: Between Poetry and Medicine"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ismael","family":"Maatouk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of Saint Joseph University \u00a0 , Beirut , Lebanon"},{"name":"H\u00f4tel-Dieu de France University Hospital \u00a0 , Beirut , Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roy","family":"Moutran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head of Dermatology Department \u00a0 , Beirut , Lebanon"},{"name":"Mount Lebanon Hospital \u00a0 , Beirut , Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024032602364997200_bib1","first-page":"237","article-title":"The story on the history of syphilis","volume":"87","author":"Habib","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tunis Med"},{"key":"2024032602364997200_bib2","volume-title":"De contagione et contagiosis morbis et eorum curatione","author":"Fracastoro","year":"1546"},{"key":"2024032602364997200_bib3","article-title":"Treatise on the serpentine malady, which in Spain is commonly called bubas, which was drawn up in the hospital of All Saints in Lisbon","author":"Diaz de Isla","year":"1539"},{"key":"2024032602364997200_bib4","volume-title":"Apologetica historica","author":"Las Casas","year":"1530"},{"key":"2024032602364997200_bib5","first-page":"285","article-title":"Saint denis patron of syphilitics","volume":"37","author":"Morton","year":"1961","journal-title":"Br J Vener Dis"},{"key":"2024032602364997200_bib6","volume-title":"La Syphilis (Po\u00e8me en vers latins\u2014Traduit en vers fran\u00e7ais\u2014Pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 d'une notice historique et scientifique sur Fracastor et accompagn\u00e9 de notes par le Dr. Prosper Yvaren)","author":"Fracastor","year":"1847"},{"key":"2024032602364997200_bib7","volume-title":"Naissance, vie et mort de maladies infectieuses","author":"Nicolle","year":"1930"},{"key":"2024032602364997200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)08170-6","article-title":"Fracastoro and syphilis: 500 years on","volume":"348","author":"Hudson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024032602364997200_bib9","volume-title":"Propos sur la syphilis et son histoire","author":"Dujardin","year":"1949"},{"key":"2024032602364997200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.54.10.855","article-title":"Girolamo Fracastoro: 1484\u20131553","volume":"54","author":"Haas","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024032602364997200_bib11","first-page":"1238","article-title":"Concise Oxford English Dictionary","year":"1990"},{"key":"2024032602364997200_bib12","first-page":"62","volume-title":"History of art in Phrygia, Lydia, Caria and Lycia","author":"Perrot","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024032602364997200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.7227\/BJRL.73.1.7","article-title":"Fracastoro's \u201cSyphilis\u201d: Nahum tate and the realms of apollo","volume":"73","author":"Anselment","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester"},{"key":"2024032602364997200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330510412","article-title":"Human treponematosis and tuberculosis: Evidence from the New World","volume":"51","author":"El-Najjar","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"2024032602364997200_bib15","volume-title":"Who gave the world syphilis? 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