{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T10:07:15Z","timestamp":1792318035749,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Almost half of all pregnancies in the United States are unintentional, unplanned, or mistimed. Most unplanned pregnancies result from inconsistent, incorrect, or nonuse of a contraceptive method. Diminished sexual function and pleasure may be a barrier to using hormonal contraception.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study explores sexual function and behaviors of women in relation to the use of hormonal vs. nonhormonal methods of contraception.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data were collected as part of an online health and sexuality study of women.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Main outcomes variables assess frequencies in two domains: (i) sexual function (proportion of sexual events with experiences of pain or discomfort, arousal, contentment and satisfaction, pleasure and enjoyment, lubrication difficulty, and orgasm) and (ii) sexual behavior (number of times engaged in sexual activity, proportion of sexual events initiated by the woman, and proportion of sexual events for which a lubricant was used). Sociodemographic variables and contraceptive use were used as sample descriptors and correlates. The recall period was the past 4 weeks.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The sample included 1,101 women with approximately half (n = 535) using a hormonal contraceptive method exclusively or a combination of a hormonal and nonhormonal method, and about half (n = 566) using a nonhormonal method of contraception exclusively. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine the relation of hormonal contraceptive use to each of the dependent variables. Women using a hormonal contraceptive method experienced less frequent sexual activity, arousal, pleasure, and orgasm and more difficulty with lubrication even when controlling for sociodemographic variables.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study adds to the literature on the potential negative sexual side effects experienced by many women using hormonal contraception. Prospective research with diverse women is needed to enhance the understanding of potential negative sexual side effects of hormonal contraceptives, their prevalence, and possible mechanisms. Clinical and counseling implications are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,29]],"date-time":"2013-11-29T11:44:57Z","timestamp":1385725497000},"page":"462-470","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Hormonal Contraception and Female Pain, Orgasm and Sexual Pleasure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nicole K.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Population Research \u00a0 , Princeton, NJ , Italy"},{"name":"Princeton University \u00a0 , Princeton, NJ , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen N.","family":"Jozkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Human Performance & Recreation \u00a0 \u00a0 , Fayetteville, AR , Italy"},{"name":"College of Education and Health Professions \u00a0 \u00a0 , Fayetteville, AR , Italy"},{"name":"University of Arkansas \u00a0 \u00a0 , Fayetteville, AR , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction \u00a0 , Bloomington, IN , Italy"},{"name":"Indiana University \u00a0 , Bloomington, IN , Italy"},{"name":"Department of Gender Studies \u00a0 , Bloomington, IN , Italy"},{"name":"Indiana University \u00a0 , Bloomington, IN , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib1"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib2"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1363\/4309411","article-title":"The public costs of births resulting from unintended pregnancies: National and state level estimates","volume":"43","author":"Sonfield","year":"2006","journal-title":"Perspect Sex Reprod Health"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib4","first-page":"5","article-title":"Preventing unintended pregnancy: The need and the means","volume":"6","author":"Sonfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Guttmacher Rep Public Policy"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib5","author":"Frost"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib6","first-page":"9","article-title":"Factors associated with contraceptive use and nonuse","volume":"39","author":"Frost","year":"2007","journal-title":"Perspect Sex Reprod Health"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.2307\/2133525","article-title":"Access quality of care and medical barriers in family planning programs","volume":"21","author":"Bertrand","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int Family Plann Perspect"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(99)00034-7","article-title":"Women's satisfaction with birth control: A population survey of physical and psychological effects of oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices, condoms, natural family planning, and sterilization among 1466 women","volume":"59","author":"Oddens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2307\/2135198","article-title":"Why some women fail to use their contraceptive method: A psychological investigation","volume":"18","author":"Miller","year":"1986","journal-title":"Fam Plann Perspect"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2012.02848.x","article-title":"The effects of hormonal contraceptives on female sexuality: A review","volume":"9","author":"Burrows","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(01)00218-9","article-title":"A prospective study of the effects of oral contraceptives on sexuality and well-being and their relationship to discontinuation","volume":"64","author":"Sanders","year":"2001","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1071\/SH08021","article-title":"Relationships between condoms, hormonal methods, and sexual pleasure and satisfaction: An exploratory analysis from the women's well-being and sexuality study","volume":"5","author":"Higgins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2008.00780.x","article-title":"Sexual function in well women: Stratification by sexual satisfaction, hormone use, and menopause status","volume":"5","author":"Davison","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2006.12.011","article-title":"Does oral contraceptive-induced reduction in free testosterone adversely affect the sexuality or mood of women?","volume":"32","author":"Graham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(95)00226-X","article-title":"The effects of steroidal contraceptives on the well-being and sexuality of women: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-centre study of combined and progestogen-only methods","volume":"52","author":"Graham","year":"1995","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5773.495","article-title":"Oral contraceptives, depression, and libido","volume":"3","author":"Herzberg","year":"1971","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2003.11.001","article-title":"Sexual behavior of women taking low-dose oral contraceptive containing 15 microg ethinylestradiol\/60 microg gestodene","volume":"69","author":"Caruso","year":"2004","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.09.066","article-title":"Sexual function in first-time contraceptive ring and contraceptive patch users","volume":"93","author":"Gracia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh686","article-title":"Effects of two types of hormonal contraception\u2014Oral versus intravaginal\u2014On the sexual life of women and their partners","volume":"20","author":"Guida","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.115790","article-title":"Pleasure, power, inequality: Incorporating sexuality into research on contraceptive use","volume":"98","author":"Higgins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1363\/4115009","article-title":"Arousal loss related to safer sex and risk of pregnancy: Implications for women's and men's sexual health","volume":"41","author":"Higgins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Perspect Sex Reprod Health"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1363\/3924007","article-title":"The pleasure deficit: Revisiting the \u201csexuality connection\u201d in reproductive health","volume":"39","author":"Higgins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Perspect Sex Reprod Health"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1363\/4013008","article-title":"Pleasure, prophylaxis and procreation: A qualitative analysis of intermittent contraceptive use and unintended pregnancy","volume":"40","author":"Higgins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspect Sex Reprod Health"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib24","volume-title":"Our bodies, ourselves","year":"2010"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023420431760","article-title":"Distress about sex: A national survey of women in heterosexual relationships","volume":"32","author":"Bancroft","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/0018-506X(90)90017-R","article-title":"Testosterone and sexual behavior in oral contraceptive users and nonusers: A prospective study","volume":"24","author":"Alexander","year":"1990","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.1.91","article-title":"Circulating androgen levels and self-reported sexual function in women","volume":"294","author":"Davis","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1980.tb10433.x","article-title":"Therapeutic sex drive reduction","volume":"62","author":"Freund","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib29"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2012.700739","article-title":"College students and consent: Unique insights","volume":"50","author":"Jozkowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327027hc0504_1","article-title":"Expectations for sexual interactions: A cognitive test of the sequencing of sexual communication behaviors","volume":"5","author":"Edgar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Health Commun"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.02067.x","article-title":"Association of lubricant use with women's sexual pleasure, sexual satisfaction and genital symptoms: A prospective daily diary study","volume":"8","author":"Herbenick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/19317611.2011.640386","article-title":"Sexuality information seeking and sexual function among women attending in-home sex toy parties in the United States","volume":"24","author":"Jozkowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Sex Health"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v61n0406","article-title":"Antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction during treatment with moclobemide, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine","volume":"61","author":"Kennedy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024032602360697900_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12021","article-title":"Characteristics of condom and lubricant use among a nationally representative probability sample of adults ages 18 to 59 in the United States","volume":"10","author":"Herbenick","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sex Med"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Sexual Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S174360951530672X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S174360951530672X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jsm\/article-pdf\/11\/2\/462\/48359288\/jsm_11_2_462.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jsm\/article-pdf\/11\/2\/462\/48359288\/jsm_11_2_462.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T03:07:21Z","timestamp":1711422441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jsm\/article\/11\/2\/462\/6958217"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsm.12409","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-6109","1743-6095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-6109","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1743-6095","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]]}}}