{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T09:01:35Z","timestamp":1776330095396,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia","award":["258 \u2013 2160800 \u2013 033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["258 \u2013 2160800 \u2013 033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There are four theories about the origin of syphilis, of which the mostly represented one is the Columbian theory. This theory suggests that syphilis was brought into Europe in 1493 ad by the ship from Caribbean islands.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study is to test all theories on a sample of 403 skeletons: 135 from prehistory, 134 from antique, and 134 from medieval period and new age from the Dalmatia (Croatia).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>All skeletons were examined using standard anthropological methods. Paleopathological analysis was performed on each skeleton as well as additional radiographic method on one isolated skeleton.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Paleopathological changes on skeletal remains connected with treponematosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Paleopathological analysis revealed one skeleton from the antique period (second to 6th century ad) that exhibited skeletal markers similar to those described in one clinical case in which congenital syphilis was confirmed by a Wasserman reaction. Skeletal remains of this person were examined macroscopically and radiographically, and the differential diagnostics eliminated other considered pathologies as well as trauma.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The finding of skeletal markers of syphilis on a skeleton from the antique supports the theory of pre-Columbian syphilis origin.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,4]],"date-time":"2014-09-04T20:01:20Z","timestamp":1409860880000},"page":"3112-3118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Which Theory for the Origin of Syphilis Is True?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ivana","family":"Anteric","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department for Forensic Sciences \u00a0 , Split , Croatia"},{"name":"University of Split \u00a0 , Split , Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeljana","family":"Basic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department for Forensic Sciences \u00a0 , Split , Croatia"},{"name":"University of Split \u00a0 , Split , Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Vilovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine \u00a0 \u00a0 , Split , Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology \u00a0 \u00a0 , Split , Croatia"},{"name":"University of Split \u00a0 \u00a0 , Split , Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kresimir","family":"Kolic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology \u00a0 , Split , Croatia"},{"name":"Clinical Hospital Center Split \u00a0 , Split , Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simun","family":"Andjelinovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department for Forensic Sciences \u00a0 , Split , Croatia"},{"name":"University of Split \u00a0 , Split , Croatia"},{"name":"Clinical Institute for Pathology, Forensic Medicine, and Cytology \u00a0 , Split , Croatia"},{"name":"Clinical Hospital Center Split \u00a0 , Split , Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024032602352746000_bib1","volume-title":"Bolest i povijest","author":"Cartwright","year":"2006"},{"key":"2024032602352746000_bib2","first-page":"503","article-title":"A case of venereal syphilis in the modern age horizon of graves near the church of St. Lawrence in Crkvari","volume":"24","author":"\u0160laus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pril Inst Arheol Zagrebu"},{"key":"2024032602352746000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12354","article-title":"History of syphilis: Between poetry and medicine","volume":"11","author":"Maatouk","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2024032602352746000_bib4","first-page":"75","article-title":"Nadin\u2014Results of the anthropological analysis of the Liburnian population","volume":"9","author":"Anteri\u0107","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asseria"},{"key":"2024032602352746000_bib5","first-page":"451","article-title":"Antropological analysis of osteological material from late medieval location Kamen Most\u2014Kaldrma (in Croatian)","volume-title":"Zbornik radova, Znanstveni skup Stjepan Gunja\u010da","author":"An\u0111elinovi\u0107","year":"2010"},{"key":"2024032602352746000_bib6","first-page":"329","article-title":"Split from the 16th to 19th century through the prism of anthropological research (in Croatian)","volume":"38","author":"Ba\u0161i\u0107","year":"2011","journal-title":"ShP"},{"key":"2024032602352746000_bib7","volume-title":"The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology","author":"Aufderheide","year":"1998"},{"key":"2024032602352746000_bib8","volume-title":"The human skeleton in forensic medicine","author":"Krogman","year":"1986"},{"key":"2024032602352746000_bib9","volume-title":"Human osteology","author":"Bass","year":"1987"},{"key":"2024032602352746000_bib10","volume-title":"Human skeletal remains: Excavation, analysis, interpretation","author":"Ubelaker","year":"1999"},{"key":"2024032602352746000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/095952877706000105","article-title":"On a form of chronic inflammation of bones (osteitis deformans)","volume":"60","author":"Paget","year":"1877","journal-title":"Med Chir Trans"},{"key":"2024032602352746000_bib12","volume-title":"Pathophysiology and treatment of Paget's disease of bone","author":"Kanis","year":"1998"},{"key":"2024032602352746000_bib13","first-page":"1020","article-title":"Paget's disease of bone. 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