{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T22:40:05Z","timestamp":1771368005555,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients with male-to-female gender dysphoria (GD) require multidisciplinary assessment and management. Nowadays, more and more patients decide to undergo genital reassignment surgery (GRS) to have aesthetic and functional external female genitalia. Different techniques of this procedure have been described. Orchiectomy, penile disassembly, creation of a neovaginal cavity, repositioning of urethral meatus, and clitorolabioplasty may be identified as the five major steps in all of these techniques.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective study of 60 patients who underwent genital reassignment procedure for male-to-female GD at our department between November 2008 and August 2013 with a minimum follow-up of 1 year. Data were collected on surgical technique, postoperative dilations protocol, complications, and functional and aesthetic outcomes. We describe and critically evaluate the surgical technique used in our department.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Follow-up ranged from 14 to 46 months. Two patients developed late neovaginal stricture, and two patients experienced rectovaginal fistulae (one required surgical revision with dermal porcine graft placement). Minor complications occurred in 13 patients and included urethral stenosis, partial wound dehiscence, and minor bleeding. Secondary aesthetic revision surgery was performed in 13 cases.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>GRS can provide good functional and aesthetic outcomes in patients with male-to-female GD. However, despite a careful planning and meticulous surgical technique, secondary procedures are frequently required to improve the function and appearance of the neovagina.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,3]],"date-time":"2015-07-03T17:59:30Z","timestamp":1435946370000},"page":"1837-1845","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Male-to-Female Genital Reassignment Surgery: A Retrospective Review of Surgical Technique and Complications in 60 Patients"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Raigosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Avvedimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tai Sik","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Cruz-Gimeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Fontdevila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Barcelona, \u00a0 Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Clinic , Barcelona, \u00a0 Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2007.00580.x","article-title":"Gender identity disorders: Diagnostic and surgical aspects","volume":"4","author":"Sohn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06373.x","article-title":"The prevalence of transsexualism in Singapore","volume":"78","author":"Tsoi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03364.x","article-title":"The prevalence of transsexualism in The Netherlands","volume":"87","author":"Bakker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2006.10.002","article-title":"Prevalence and demography of transsexualism in Belgium","volume":"22","author":"De\u2002Cuypere","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2012.02975.x","article-title":"Status of sex reassignment surgery for gender identity disorder in Japan","volume":"19","author":"Masumori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rce.2011.02.002","article-title":"Equipos de Identidad de G\u00e9nero de Andaluc\u00eda y Catalu\u00f1a. The demand for health care services in the gender identity units of Andalusia and Catalonia during the period of 2000 to 2009","volume":"211","author":"G\u00f3mez-Gil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Clin Esp"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2011.46","article-title":"Gender reassignment surgery: an overview","volume":"8","author":"Selvaggi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2007.12.009","article-title":"Evaluation of surgical procedures for sex reassignment: A systematic review","volume":"62","author":"Sutcliffe","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0050","first-page":"223","article-title":"Genitalumwandlung an Zwei Maennlichen Transvestiten","volume":"18","author":"Abraham","year":"1931","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Sexualwissenschaft und Sexualpolitik"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135e","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000185999.71439.06","article-title":"Gender identity disorder: General overview and surgical treatment for vaginoplasty in male-to-female transsexuals","volume":"116","author":"Selvaggi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1300\/J485v08n01_05","article-title":"Vaginoplasty in male-to-female transsexuals using penile skin and urethral flap","volume":"8","author":"Perovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Transgend"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199805000-00013","article-title":"Abdominoplastic secondary full-thickness skin graft vaginoplasty for male-to female transsexuals","volume":"101","author":"Hage","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2011.02494.x","article-title":"Rectosigmoid vaginoplasty: Clinical experience and outcomes in 86 cases","volume":"8","author":"Djordjevic","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-013-0172-7","article-title":"Self-made compressive dressing for vaginoplasty","volume":"37","author":"Raigosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199612000-00018","article-title":"Neovaginoplasty in male transsexuals: Review of surgical techniques and recommendations regarding eligibility","volume":"37","author":"Karim","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0085","first-page":"836","article-title":"New method of creating a vagina in a case of congenital absence","volume":"54","author":"Abbe","year":"1898","journal-title":"Med Rec"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0090","first-page":"490","article-title":"An operation for the cure of congenital absence of the vagina","volume":"45","author":"McIndoe","year":"1938","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197404000-00003","article-title":"A rehabilitation program for gender dysphoria syndrome by surgical sex change","volume":"53","author":"Laub","year":"1974","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199509000-00010","article-title":"Refinements of pre- intra- and postoperative care to prevent complications of vaginoplasty in male transsexuals","volume":"35","author":"Karim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/00015458.2001.12098617","article-title":"Surgical therapy in transsexual patients: A multi-disciplinary approach","volume":"101","author":"Monstrey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Chir Belg"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2007.00480.x","article-title":"Development of feminizing genitoplasty for gender dysphoria","volume":"4","author":"Goddard","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199306000-00018","article-title":"Comparison of two methods of vagina reconstruction in transsexuals","volume":"91","author":"van Noort","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01245.x","article-title":"Gender reassignment surgery in male-to-female transsexualism: A retrospective 3-month follow-up study with anatomical remarks","volume":"6","author":"Jarol\u00edm","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.12.030","article-title":"Surgical reconstruction for male-to-female sex reassignment","volume":"64","author":"Amend","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2001.02323.x","article-title":"Male-to-female transsexualism: A technique, results and long-term follow-up in 66 patients","volume":"88","author":"Krege","year":"2001","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.2000.00624.x","article-title":"Surgical conversion of genitalia in transsexual patients","volume":"85","author":"Jarolim","year":"2000","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2007.07017.x","article-title":"Feminizing genitoplasty in adult transsexuals: Early and long-term surgical results","volume":"100","author":"Goddard","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199106000-00010","article-title":"The importance of near total resection of the corpus spongiosum and total resection of the corpora cavernosa in the surgery of male to female transsexuals","volume":"26","author":"Karim","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0150","article-title":"Vaginoplasties for MTF transsexualism: Tricks and refinements","author":"Selvaggi"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0155","first-page":"654","article-title":"Creation of a functional clitoris and aesthetically pleasing introitus in sex conversion","volume-title":"Transactions of the sixth International Congress of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","author":"Brown","year":"1975"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0160","first-page":"277","article-title":"Construction of the neo-clitoris in male to- female transsexuals","volume":"22","author":"von Szalay","year":"1990","journal-title":"Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199204000-00015","article-title":"A new method for clitoroplasty in male-to-female sex reassignment surgery","volume":"89","author":"Fang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)62098-6","article-title":"Formation of neoclitoris from glans penis by reduction glansplasty with preservation of neurovascular bundle in male-to-female gender surgery: functional and cosmetic outcome","volume":"161","author":"Rehman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2007.00632.x","article-title":"Male to female gender reassignment: modified surgical technique for creating the neoclitoris and mons veneris","volume":"5","author":"Soli","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199402000-00021","article-title":"Sculpturing the neoclitoris in vaginoplasty for male-to-female transsexuals","volume":"93","author":"Hage","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2023010713373929700_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2008.00870.x","article-title":"The treatment of adolescent transsexuals: Changing insights","volume":"5","author":"Cohen-Kettenis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sex Med"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Sexual Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1743609515341874?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1743609515341874?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jsm\/article-pdf\/12\/8\/1837\/48475684\/jsm_12_8_1837.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jsm\/article-pdf\/12\/8\/1837\/48475684\/jsm_12_8_1837.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T14:43:10Z","timestamp":1675953790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jsm\/article\/12\/8\/1837\/6966729"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsm.12936","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-6109","1743-6095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-6109","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1743-6095","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]}}}