{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:58:20Z","timestamp":1789437500454,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]],"date-time":"2015-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pelvic floor muscle (PFM) dysfunctions, especially elevated tone or tension, are suggested to play an important role in the pathophysiology of provoked vestibulodynia (PVD). However, the involvement of the PFMs remains misunderstood as the assessment of muscle tone is complex and requires a thorough understanding of muscle physiology in relation to the characteristics and limitations of current PFM assessment tools. The aim of this review was to describe the structures and mechanisms involved in muscle tone in normally innervated muscle, and to discuss and relate these concepts to the PFM findings in women with PVD.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A narrative overview of the literature retrieved from searches of electronic databases and hand searches.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Muscle tone in a normally innervated muscle comprises both active (contractile) and passive (viscoelastic) components. Current methods for evaluating PFM tone such as digital palpation, ultrasound imaging, pressure perineometry, dynamometry, and electromyography may evaluate different components. Research findings suggestive of PFM hypertonicity in women with PVD include elevated general PFM tone, changes in viscoelastic properties, and at least in some women, abnormal increases in electrogenic activity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There is a growing body of evidence to support the involvement of PFM hypertonicity in the pathophysiology of PVD. Limitations of the instruments as well as their properties should be considered when evaluating PFM tone in order to obtain better insight into which component of PFM tone is assessed. Future research is required for further investigating the underlying mechanisms of PFM hypertonicity, and studying the specific effects of physiotherapeutic interventions on PFM tone in women with PVD.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.13028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,21]],"date-time":"2015-12-21T20:14:31Z","timestamp":1450728871000},"page":"2178-2189","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Active and Passive Components of Pelvic Floor Muscle Tone in Women with Provoked Vestibulodynia: A Perspective Based on a Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Thibault-Gagnon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Therapy \u00a0 , Kingston, Ontario , Canada"},{"name":"Queen's University \u00a0 , Kingston, Ontario , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Morin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation \u00a0 \u00a0 , Sherbrooke, Qu\u00e9bec , Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences \u00a0 \u00a0 , Sherbrooke, Qu\u00e9bec , Canada"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke \u00a0 \u00a0 , Sherbrooke, Qu\u00e9bec , Canada"},{"name":"Research Center \u00a0 , Sherbrooke, Quebec , Canada"},{"name":"Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke \u00a0 , Sherbrooke, Quebec , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.6.537","article-title":"Sexual dysfunction in the United States: Prevalence and predictors","volume":"281","author":"Laumann","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0015","first-page":"82","article-title":"A population-based assessment of chronic unexplained vulvar pain: Have we underestimated the prevalence of vulvodynia?","volume":"58","author":"Harlow","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Med Womens Assoc"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0020","first-page":"3","article-title":"Chronic vulvar and other gynecologic pain: Prevalence and characteristics in a self-reported survey","volume":"51","author":"Bachmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1086\/338261","article-title":"Influence of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism on disease","volume":"34","author":"Witkin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12668","article-title":"Polymorphisms of the androgen receptor gene and hormonal contraceptive induced provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"11","author":"Goldstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00352-9","article-title":"Psychophysical evidence of nociceptor sensitization in vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"94","author":"Bohm-Starke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00442-0","article-title":"Vestibular tactile and pain thresholds in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"96","author":"Pukall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.02.020","article-title":"Neural correlates of painful genital touch in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"115","author":"Pukall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000210903.67849.af","article-title":"Tender point examination in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Pukall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318243ede4","article-title":"Diffuse noxious inhibitory control function in women with provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"28","author":"Sutton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.09.014","article-title":"Increased gray matter density in young women with chronic vulvar pain","volume":"140","author":"Schweinhardt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.01.035","article-title":"Genital pain in women: Beyond interference with intercourse","volume":"152","author":"Bergeron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01592.x","article-title":"Moving beyond the diagnosis of vestibulodynia\u2014A holiday wish list","volume":"6","author":"Goldstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/B:ASEB.0000007458.32852.c8","article-title":"Vaginal spasm, pain, and behavior: An empirical investigation of the diagnosis of vaginismus","volume":"33","author":"Reissing","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610400023106","article-title":"Pelvic floor muscle functioning in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Reissing","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01642.x","article-title":"Pelvic floor muscle assessment outcomes in women with and without provoked vestibulodynia and the impact of a physical therapy program","volume":"7","author":"Gentilcore-Saulnier","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12367","article-title":"Morphometry of the pelvic floor muscles in women with and without provoked vestibulodynia using 4D ultrasound","volume":"11","author":"Morin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0095","first-page":"1140","article-title":"Dynamometric assessment of the pelvic floor function in women with and without provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"29","author":"Morin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0100","first-page":"57","article-title":"Differences in levator hiatal dimensions and puborectalis muscle length in women with and without provoked vestibulodynia evaluated using 3D\/4D transperineal ultrasound imaging","volume":"8","author":"Thibault-Gagnon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2006.00393.x","article-title":"Pelvic floor involvement in male and female sexual dysfunction and the role of pelvic floor rehabilitation in treatment: A literature review","volume":"4","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230590950235","article-title":"Physiotherapy treatment of sexual pain disorders","volume":"31","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2007.00761.x","article-title":"The role of pelvic floor physical therapy in the treatment of pelvic and genital pain-related sexual dysfunction (CME)","volume":"5","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/009262302760328226","article-title":"Physical therapy for vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: A retrospective study","volume":"28","author":"Bergeron","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01304.x","article-title":"A prospective study of pelvic floor physical therapy: Pain and psychosexual outcomes in provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"6","author":"Goldfinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/14681994.2010.486398","article-title":"Integrating pelvic floor rehabilitation and cognitive-behavioural therapy for sexual pain: What have we learned and were do we go from here?","volume":"25","author":"Bergeron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Relation Ther"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0135","first-page":"959","article-title":"Electromyographic comparisons of the pelvic floor in women with dysesthetic vulvodynia and asymptomatic women","volume":"43","author":"Glazer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230600575306","article-title":"A cognitive-behavioral group program for women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome (VVS): Factors associated with treatment success","volume":"32","author":"ter Kuile","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.10.156","article-title":"Central nervous system abnormalities in vaginismus","volume":"120","author":"Frasson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0150","first-page":"43","article-title":"Neurophysiology of pain and pain modulation","author":"Wright","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain: A textbook for therapists"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2009.08.011","article-title":"Pelvic floor hypertonic disorders: Identification and management","volume":"36","author":"Butrick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ogx.0000219814.40759.38","article-title":"A conceptual model for the pathophysiology of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Zolnoun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20100368","article-title":"Psychological factors in chronic pelvic pain in women: Relevance and application of the fear-avoidance model of pain","volume":"91","author":"Alappattu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(97)00102-4","article-title":"Understanding and measurement of muscle tone as related to clinical muscle pain","volume":"75","author":"Simons","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2008.05.007","article-title":"Human resting muscle tone (HRMT): Narrative introduction and modern concepts","volume":"12","author":"Masi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0180","first-page":"5","article-title":"Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: Secrets of the trade","volume":"15","author":"Green","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Sport Chiropr Reh"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659001800314","article-title":"Viscoelastic properties of muscle-tendon units. The biomechanical effects of stretching","volume":"18","author":"Taylor","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(00)00061-9","article-title":"Passive extensibility of skeletal muscle: Review of the literature with clinical implications","volume":"16","author":"Gajdosik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00171.x","article-title":"Passive properties of human skeletal muscle during stretch maneuvers\u2014A review","volume":"8","author":"Magnusson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008672","article-title":"Tension due to interaction between the sliding filaments in resting striated muscle. The effect of stimulation","volume":"199","author":"Hill","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"2023012309110826800_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.941bj.x","article-title":"A cross-bridge mechanism can explain the thixotropic short-range elastic component of relaxed frog skeletal muscle","volume":"510","author":"Campbell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(94)80729-5","article-title":"X-ray diffraction evidence for the extensibility of actin and myosin filaments during muscle contraction","volume":"67","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(94)80728-3","article-title":"X-ray diffraction measurements of the extensibility of actin and myosin filaments in contracting muscle","volume":"67","author":"Huxley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(93)81482-6","article-title":"Viscoelasticity of the sarcomere matrix of skeletal muscles. The titin\u2013myosin composite filament is a dual-stage molecular spring","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.96.2.562","article-title":"A network of transverse and longitudinal intermediate filaments is associated with sarcomeres of adult vertebrate skeletal muscle","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199111000-00007","article-title":"The cytoskeleton of skeletal muscle: Is it affected by exercise? A brief review","volume":"23","author":"Waterman-Storer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0235","first-page":"16","article-title":"Clinical, biomechanical, and physiological translational interpretations of human resting myofascial tone or tension","volume":"3","author":"Masi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Ther Massage Bodywork"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2012.06.001","article-title":"The muscular force transmission system: Role of the intramuscular connective tissue","volume":"17","author":"Turrina","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2005.08.025","article-title":"Passive muscle stiffness may be influenced by active contractility of intramuscular connective tissue","volume":"66","author":"Schleip","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659702500522","article-title":"The effect of strength and flexibility training on skeletal muscle electromyographic activity, stiffness, and viscoelastic stress relaxation response","volume":"25","author":"Klinge","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(99)00069-8","article-title":"Passive stiffness characteristics of ankle plantar flexors in hemiplegia","volume":"15","author":"Harlaar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2009.10.004","article-title":"Application of a new method in the study of pelvic floor muscle passive properties in continent women","volume":"20","author":"Morin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00171.x","article-title":"Passive properties of human skeletal muscle during stretch maneuvers. A review","volume":"8","author":"Magnusson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-008-0682-z","article-title":"The quantification of levator muscle resting tone by digital assessment","volume":"19","author":"Dietz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1993.tb06455.x","article-title":"Activity patterns of pubococcygeal muscles in nulliparous continent women","volume":"72","author":"Deindl","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0280","article-title":"Travell & Simons' myofascial pain and dysfunction: The trigger point manual","author":"Simons","year":"1999"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65539-5","article-title":"Pelvic floor myofascial trigger points: Manual therapy for interstitial cystitis and the urgency-frequency syndrome","volume":"166","author":"Weiss","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0290","first-page":"122","article-title":"Tissue compliance meter for objective, quantitative documentation of soft tissue consistency and pathology","volume":"68","author":"Fischer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318156db13","article-title":"Vaginal pressure\u2013pain thresholds: Initial validation and reliability assessment in healthy women","volume":"24","author":"Tu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0300","first-page":"157","article-title":"Establishing the diagnosis of vulvar vestibulitis","volume":"42","author":"White","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0305","first-page":"959","article-title":"Electromyographic comparisons of the pelvic floor in women with dysesthetic vulvodynia and asymptomatic women","volume":"43","author":"Glazer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00758.x","article-title":"Importance of pelvic muscle tenderness evaluation in women with chronic pelvic pain","volume":"11","author":"Montenegro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20070","article-title":"Force-length relationship in the pelvic floor muscles under transverse vaginal distension: A method study in healthy women","volume":"23","author":"Verelst","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/01674820400017921","article-title":"Surface electromyography diagnostics in women with partial vaginismus with or without vulvar vestibulitis and in asymptomatic women","volume":"25","author":"Engman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0325","first-page":"337","article-title":"Treating vulvar vestibulitis with electromyographic biofeedback of pelvic floor musculature","volume":"46","author":"McKay","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0330","first-page":"283","article-title":"Treatment of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome with electromyographic biofeedback of pevic floor musculature","volume":"40","author":"Glazer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2009.05.027","article-title":"The reliability of surface EMG recorded from the pelvic floor muscles","volume":"182","author":"Auchincloss","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-008-9049-y","article-title":"Vulvodynia: A psychophysiological profile based on electromyographic assessment","volume":"33","author":"Jantos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2007.2548","article-title":"Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging of pelvic floor muscle function","volume":"37","author":"Whittaker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.5219","article-title":"New imaging method for assessing pelvic floor biomechanics","volume":"31","author":"Thyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obst Gyn"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-008-0719-3","article-title":"Constriction of the levator hiatus during instruction of pelvic floor or transversus abdominis contraction: A 4D ultrasound study","volume":"20","author":"B\u00f8","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct Int Urogynecol J Pel"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.1899","article-title":"Biometry of the pubovisceral muscle and levator hiatus by three-dimensional pelvic floor ultrasound","volume":"25","author":"Dietz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obst Gyn"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0365","first-page":"S65","article-title":"Levator hiatus biometry and levator ani behavior in women with provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"23","author":"Thibault-Gagnon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2011.02452.x","article-title":"Use of pelvic floor ultrasound to assess pelvic floor muscle function in urological chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men","volume":"8","author":"Davis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023012309110826800_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-003-1050-7","article-title":"Rehabilitation of the short pelvic floor. II: Treatment of the patient with the short pelvic floor","volume":"14","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Sexual Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1743609515344520?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1743609515344520?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jsm\/article-pdf\/12\/11\/2178\/48586083\/jsm_12_11_2178.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jsm\/article-pdf\/12\/11\/2178\/48586083\/jsm_12_11_2178.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T14:43:49Z","timestamp":1675953829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jsm\/article\/12\/11\/2178\/6980068"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsm.13028","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-6109","1743-6095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-6109","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1743-6095","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]}}}