{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:00:59Z","timestamp":1780498859090,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Specialist Pediatric Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Newborn and infant vision screening is an essential component of the health promotion visit, where the provider screens for ocular risk factors and abnormalities that may cause future impairment or vision loss. Providers may underestimate the importance of screening or find neonatal vision assessments difficult due to poor patient cooperation or time\u2010consuming exams, but the reversibility of vision impairment in infants makes early detection paramount to proper treatment. This article provides a clinical review of evidence\u2010based, practical guidance to providers who care for infants from birth through 6 months of age in the primary care setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The comprehensive eye exam in infants should include a thorough history and physical examination of eye structures, visual acuity, evaluation of extraocular movements and alignment, and assessment of the red reflex. Recommended exam maneuvers differ with age as visual acuity improves and development advances through infancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Practice Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early detection of ocular pathology is critical to avoid permanent vision loss, serious morbidity, and even mortality. The seemingly complex vision screening exam can be completed with little to no cooperation from the patient when a competent pediatric healthcare provider prioritizes opportunistic exam maneuvers. The opportunistic exam allows providers to maximize efficiency while maintaining thorough technique during vision exams and screenings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jspn.12421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T13:38:26Z","timestamp":1705412306000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Newborn and infant vision screening in primary care: A clinical review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9365-6116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clare O.","family":"Stocks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Conway School of Nursing The Catholic University of America Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca A.","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conway School of Nursing The Catholic University of America Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics. (2022).Recommendations for preventative pediatric health care.Preventive care\/Periodicity schedule.https:\/\/downloads.aap.org\/AAP\/PDF\/periodicity_schedule.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS). (2021).Pseudostrabismus. Retreived from:https:\/\/aapos.org\/glossary\/pseudostrabismus"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.08.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2576117x.2020.1830677"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Castro Ochoa K. J.&Mendez M. D.(2023).Ophthalmia Neonatorum.StatPearls.https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK551572\/#:~:text=In%20the%20United%20States%2C%20ophthalmia represents%208.2%20of%201000%20cases"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2020-000638"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/9781610020237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.10.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15513815.2021.1948152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2016-0198"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"289","article-title":"A comprehensive newborn exam: Part I. General, head and neck, cardiopulmonary","volume":"90","author":"Lewis M. 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