{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:57:42Z","timestamp":1791838662684,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,10]],"date-time":"2012-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1355097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Thessaly Research Committee"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Small urinary protein loss (low\u2010grade albuminuria or microalbuminuria) may reflect altered permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier. In the present study, it was hypothesized that children with obstructive sleep apnea have an increased risk of microalbuminuria compared with control subjects without sleep\u2010disordered breathing. Albumin\u2010to\u2010creatinine ratio was measured in morning spot urine specimens collected from consecutive children with or without snoring who were referred for polysomnography. Three groups were studied: (i) control subjects (no snoring, apnea\u2013hypopnea index\u00a0&lt;\u00a01\u00a0episode\u00a0h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; <jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a031); (ii) mild obstructive sleep apnea (snoring, apnea\u2013hypopnea index\u00a0=\u00a01\u20135\u00a0episodes\u00a0h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; <jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a071); and (iii) moderate\u2010to\u2010severe obstructive sleep apnea (snoring, apnea\u2013hypopnea index\u00a0&gt;\u00a05\u00a0episodes\u2219h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; <jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a027). Indications for polysomnography in control subjects included nightmares, somnambulism and morning headaches. An albumin\u2010to\u2010creatinine ratio\u00a0&gt;\u00a0median value in the control group (1.85\u00a0mg of albumin per g of creatinine) was defined as elevated. Logistic regression analysis revealed that children with moderate\u2010to\u2010severe obstructive sleep apnea, but not those with mild obstructive sleep apnea, had increased risk of elevated albumin\u2010to\u2010creatinine ratio relative to controls (reference) after adjustment for age, gender and presence of obesity: odds ratio 3.8 (95% confidence interval 1.1\u201312.6); <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.04 and 1.5 (0.6\u20133.7); <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&gt;\u00a00.05, respectively. Oxygen desaturation of hemoglobin and respiratory arousal indices were significant predictors of albumin\u2010to\u2010creatinine ratio (<jats:italic>r\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.31, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.01; and <jats:italic>r\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.43, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.01, respectively). In conclusion, children with moderate\u2010to\u2010severe obstructive sleep apnea are at significantly higher risk of increased low\u2010grade excretion of albumin in the morning urine as compared with control subjects without obstructive sleep apnea. These findings may reflect altered permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier related to nocturnal hypoxemia and sympathetic activation which are induced by obstructive sleep apnea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,12]],"date-time":"2012-12-12T06:32:11Z","timestamp":1355293931000},"page":"289-294","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Low\u2010grade albuminuria in children with obstructive sleep apnea"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Varlami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders Laboratory University of Thessaly School of Medicine and Larissa University Hospital Larissa Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Malakasioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders Laboratory University of Thessaly School of Medicine and Larissa University Hospital Larissa Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanouel I.","family":"Alexopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders Laboratory University of Thessaly School of Medicine and Larissa University Hospital Larissa Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Theologi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders Laboratory University of Thessaly School of Medicine and Larissa University Hospital Larissa Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Theophanous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders Laboratory University of Thessaly School of Medicine and Larissa University Hospital Larissa Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Liakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Larissa University Hospital Larissa Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Euphemia","family":"Daskalopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Sleep Laboratory St Paul General Hospital Thessaloniki Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Gourgoulianis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders Laboratory University of Thessaly School of Medicine and Larissa University Hospital Larissa Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios G.","family":"Kaditis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Pulmonology Unit and Sleep Disorders Laboratory University of Athens School of Medicine and Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/15.2.173","article-title":"EEG arousals: scoring rules and examples: a preliminary report from the Sleep Disorders Atlas Task Force of the American Sleep Disorders Association","volume":"15","author":"American Sleep Disorders Association.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200309-1305OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.099762"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-006-1390-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.116756"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.6.731"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-010-0339-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/11.1.69","article-title":"Sleep apnea, proteinuria, and nephrotic syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Chaudhary B. 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