{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T09:13:51Z","timestamp":1785662031453,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]],"date-time":"2018-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007636","name":"Fondation Ernst et Lucie Schmidheiny","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["320030_127608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320030_127608"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006388","name":"H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Gen\u00e8ve","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRD no. 08\u2010II\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRD no. 08\u2010II\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006388","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n<jats:bold>Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies have shown that both nicotine and sleep spindles are associated with enhanced memorisation. Further, a few recent studies have shown how cholinergic input through nicotinic and muscarinic receptors can trigger or modulate sleep processes in general, and sleep spindles in particular. To better understand the interaction between nicotine and sleep spindles, we compared in a single blind randomised study the characteristics of sleep spindles in 10 healthy participants recorded for 2\u2005nights, one with a nicotine patch and one with a sham patch. We investigated differences in sleep spindle duration, amplitude, intra\u2010spindle oscillation frequency and density (i.e. spindles per min). We found that under nicotine, spindles are more numerous (average increase: 0.057\u2005spindles per min; 95% confidence interval: [0.025\u20130.089]; <jats:italic>p\u2005<\/jats:italic>=\u2005.0004), have higher amplitude (average amplification: 0.260\u2005\u03bcV; confidence interval: [0.119\u20130.402]; <jats:italic>p\u2005<\/jats:italic>=\u2005.0032) and last longer (average lengthening: 0.025\u2005s; confidence interval: [0.017\u20130.032]; <jats:italic>p\u2005<\/jats:italic>=\u20052.7e\u201011). These results suggest that nicotine can increase spindle activity by acting on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and offer an attractive hypothesis for common mechanisms that may support memorisation improvements previously reported to be associated with nicotine and sleep spindles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]],"date-time":"2018-12-19T06:33:36Z","timestamp":1545201216000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Nicotine increases sleep spindle activity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3149-4934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"O'Reilly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Blue Brain Project \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne Campus Biotech Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Chapotot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhiTools SARL Strasbourg France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Pittau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Geneva University Hospital Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Mella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabienne","family":"Picard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Geneva University Hospital Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)01449-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/5.1.95"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00383"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.43.s.5.16.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2017.14.4.499"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm146"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00237-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1991.65.3.393"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105214"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2002.0252"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02991.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/383713a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn226"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01551.1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","volume-title":"The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: Rules, terminology and technical specifications","author":"Iber C.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"774","article-title":"Spectral analysis of the sleep electroencephalogram during adolescence","volume":"27","author":"Jenni O. 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