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The aim of the current study was to prospectively examine the bidirectional association between sleep problems and internalizing problems and depressive symptoms in toddlers and children aged 1.5 and 8\u00a0years. Data stem from the large ongoing population\u2010based longitudinal study, the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study, recruited from October 1999 to July 2009. A total of 35,075 children were included. Information on sleep duration, nocturnal awakenings and internalizing problems (Child Behaviour Checklist) was provided by the mothers at 1.5\u00a0years, whereas data on sleep duration and depressive symptoms (Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire) were provided by the mothers when the children were 8\u00a0years old. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression analyses. After accounting for previous internalizing problems, short sleep duration (\u226410\u00a0hr) and frequent (\u22653) nightly awakenings at 1.5\u00a0years predicted the development of depressive symptoms at 8\u00a0years of age (adjusted OR\u00a0=\u00a01.28; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08\u20131.51, and adjusted OR\u00a0=\u00a01.27, 95% CI 1.08\u20131.50, respectively). Also, internalizing problems at 1.5\u00a0years predicted onset of later short sleep duration (adjusted OR\u00a0=\u00a01.83, 95% CI 1.32\u20132.54) after accounting for early sleep problems. This prospective study demonstrated a bidirectional association between sleep and internalizing\/depressive symptoms from toddlerhood to middle childhood. Intervention studies are needed to examine whether targeting either of these problems at this early age may prevent onset of the other.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T02:05:04Z","timestamp":1596420304000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Sleep problems and depressive symptoms in toddlers and 8\u2010year\u2010old children: A longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4654-9296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00f8rge","family":"Sivertsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mental and Physical Health Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo and Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway"},{"name":"Department of Research and Innovation Helse\u2010Fonna HF Haugesund Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8609-0005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison G.","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ted","family":"Reichborn\u2010Kjennerud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mental and Physical Health Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo and Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eivind","family":"Ystrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mental and Physical Health Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo and Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy 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