{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T05:11:56Z","timestamp":1769836316366,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Central sleep apneas and periodic breathing are poorly described in childhood. The aim of the study was to describe the prevalence and characteristics of central sleep apnea and periodic breathing in children with associated medical conditions, and the therapeutic management. We retrospectively reviewed all poly(somno)graphies with a central apnea index \u2265\u20055\u2005events per hr in children aged &gt;\u20051\u00a0month performed in a paediatric sleep laboratory over a 6\u2010year period. Clinical data and follow\u2010up poly(somno)graphies were gathered. Ninety\u2010five out of 2,981 patients (3%) presented central sleep apnea: 40% were &lt;\u20051\u00a0year, 41% aged 1\u20136\u00a0years, and 19% aged \u2265\u20056\u00a0years. Chiari malformation was the most common diagnosis (13%). Mean central apnea index was 20\u2005\u00b1\u200530 events per hr (range 5\u2013177). Fifty\u2010eight (61%) children had an exclusive central pattern with &lt;\u20055 obstructive events per hr. Periodic breathing was present in 79 (83%) patients, with a mean percentage of time with periodic breathing of 9\u2005\u00b1\u200516%. Among periodic breathing episodes, 40% appeared after a sigh, 8% after an obstructive event, 6% after breathing instability and 2% after bradypnea. The highest clinical apnea index and percentage of time with periodic breathing were observed in children with encephalopathy and\/or epilepsy (68\u00a0\u00b1\u00a063 events per hr and 30\u00a0\u00b1\u00a034%). Clinical apnea index did not differ according to age, while periodic breathing duration was longer in children &gt;\u20051\u00a0year old. Watchful waiting was performed in 22 (23%) patients with spontaneous improvement in 20. Other treatments (upper airway or neurosurgery, nocturnal oxygen therapy, continuous positive airway pressure, non\u2010invasive ventilation) were effective in selected patients. Central sleep apnea is rare in children and comprises heterogeneous conditions. Sleep studies are essential for the diagnosis, characterization and management of central sleep apnea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T11:42:47Z","timestamp":1622634167000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Central apnea and periodic breathing in children with underlying conditions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6329-4208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Ghirardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique\u2010H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP\u2010HP) Pediatric Noninvasive Ventilation and Sleep Unit H\u00f4pital Necker\u2010Enfants Malades Paris France"},{"name":"University of Trieste Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences Trieste Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Amaddeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique\u2010H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP\u2010HP) Pediatric Noninvasive Ventilation and Sleep Unit H\u00f4pital Necker\u2010Enfants Malades Paris France"},{"name":"Equipe d\u2019Accueil EA VIFASOM Universit\u00e9 de Paris Paris France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucie","family":"Griffon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique\u2010H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP\u2010HP) Pediatric Noninvasive Ventilation and Sleep Unit H\u00f4pital Necker\u2010Enfants Malades Paris France"},{"name":"Equipe d\u2019Accueil EA VIFASOM Universit\u00e9 de Paris Paris France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4163-5021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Khirani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique\u2010H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP\u2010HP) Pediatric Noninvasive Ventilation and Sleep Unit H\u00f4pital Necker\u2010Enfants Malades Paris France"},{"name":"Equipe d\u2019Accueil EA VIFASOM Universit\u00e9 de Paris Paris France"},{"name":"ASV Sant\u00e9 Gennevilliers France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Fauroux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique\u2010H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP\u2010HP) Pediatric Noninvasive Ventilation and Sleep Unit H\u00f4pital Necker\u2010Enfants Malades Paris France"},{"name":"Equipe d\u2019Accueil EA VIFASOM Universit\u00e9 de Paris Paris France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2015.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/831569"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2009.04.007"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"597","article-title":"Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: Update of the 2007 AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events","volume":"8","author":"Berry R. 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