{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:00:06Z","timestamp":1791583206212,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>According to the hyperarousal model, insomnia is characterised by increased arousal in the cortical, cognitive, and physiological domains. However, the interaction between these arousal domains is poorly understood. The present observational case\u2013control study aimed to investigate cortical arousal during the night, pre\u2010sleep cognitive arousal and the relationship between these two domains. A total of 109 patients with insomnia disorder (ID) and 109 age\u2010and gender matched healthy controls were investigated on two sleep laboratory nights. Electroencephalographic (EEG) spectral power during non\u2010rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep was analysed as a measure of cortical arousal. In addition, patients completed the Pre\u2010Sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS), which consists of two subscales, one for cognitive arousal (PSAS\u2010CA) and one for self\u2010reported somatic arousal (PSAS\u2010SA). The relationship between the subscale scores and EEG spectral power was calculated by multi\u2010 and univariate analyses of variance. During NREM and REM sleep, patients with ID showed significantly increased spectral power in the EEG gamma band. In addition, patients with ID showed significantly increased scores on both subscales of the PSAS. The PSAS\u2010CA score was significantly associated with increased NREM and REM gamma power, whereas PSAS\u2010SA was associated with decreases in NREM and REM gamma power. Consistent with our hypothesis, patients with ID showed increased cortical and cognitive arousal. Moreover, there was an association between these two arousal domains, which may indicate that cortical arousal during the night is (at least in part) elicited by pre\u2010sleep worry and rumination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T11:44:11Z","timestamp":1677152651000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["On the relationship between EEG spectral analysis and pre\u2010sleep cognitive arousal in insomnia disorder: towards an integrated model of cognitive and cortical arousal"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9408-5196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael J.","family":"Dressle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Medical Center \u2010 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1968-6220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dieter","family":"Riemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Medical Center \u2010 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics) Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4133-3464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Spiegelhalder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Medical Center \u2010 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0841-3630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Frase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Medical Center \u2010 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Perlis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9436-1258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernd","family":"Feige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Medical Center \u2010 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics) Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM\u2010IV)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2008.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10060378"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: Rules, terminology and technical specifications: Version 2.6","author":"Berry R. B.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1087-0792(97)90012-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199809000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/16.2.100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2009.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3820232"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00374"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00568"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609440103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.1370"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2000.00188.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.06.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470713143"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/13.5.430"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101588"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135243"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2006.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2008.00651.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab137"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2013.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00314-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00147-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073417"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1026\/1616-3443\/a000134"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2019.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","unstructured":"G\u00f6rtelmeyer R.(2011).Schlaffragebogen a und b. Revidierte Fassung.Internationale Skalen F\u00fcrPsychiatrie 6th Edn (Weinheim: Collegium Internationale Psychiatriae Scolarum (CIPS))."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465801001023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00061-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/jcop.19.1.41.66332"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025730"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/9.1.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12293"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12280"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01439"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2011.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.11.1184"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/SLEEP.1230"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","volume-title":"Sleep and wakefulness","author":"Kleitman N.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2008.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.150"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.11.1547"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/01446650360703384"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(85)90004-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2002.0186"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-6645-3.00078-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","first-page":"835","volume-title":"Principles and practice of sleep medicine","author":"Perlis M. L.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.1997.00045.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2001.0151"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/24.1.110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(01)00545-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.1995.tb00161.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3992243"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-11-200606060-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2010.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12594"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00021-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1299721"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2007.00579.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Continuity between waking and dreaming: A proposal for a mathematical model","volume":"5","author":"Schredl M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep and Hypnosis"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2013.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2040"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10615800008549263"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12448"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10020071"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-016-9809-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2012.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2008.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy268"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00136-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101457"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jsr.13861","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jsr.13861","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jsr.13861","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T10:36:57Z","timestamp":1692355017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jsr.13861"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jsr.13861"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.13861","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-1105","1365-2869"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2869","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-09-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13861"}}