{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:25:51Z","timestamp":1790612751221,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008593","name":"European Respiratory Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Periodic limb movements during sleep and obstructive sleep apnea are both associated with increased sympathetic tone, and have been proposed as risk factors for heart diseases and, in particular, cardiovascular disease. As sympathetic system activation may lead to dyslipidaemia, periodic limb movements during sleep could be an additional risk factor for cardiovascular disease in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. The aim of the study was to determine whether the presence of periodic limb movements during sleep affects serum lipid levels in obstructive sleep apnea. Total cholesterol, low\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol, high\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol, non\u2010 high\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels were investigated in 4138 patients with obstructive sleep apnea in the European Sleep Apnea Database (ESADA) cohort, divided into those with periodic limb movements during sleep index\u2005\u2265\u200915 per hr (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009628) and controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093510). ANCOVA adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, apnea\u2013hypopnea index, alcohol intake, smoking status, diabetes, insomnia and study site was used to assess differences in lipids between periodic limb movements during sleep and controls. Patients with periodic limb movements during sleep (24% female, 54.4\u2009\u00b1\u200912.1\u2009years, body mass index 31.9\u2009\u00b1\u20095.8\u2009kg\u2005m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>, apnea\u2013hypopnea index 36.7\u2009\u00b1\u200925.4 per hr) had higher triglyceride (1.81\u2009\u00b1\u20091.04 versus 1.69\u2009\u00b1\u20090.90\u2009mmol\u2005L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002) and lower high\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.19\u2009\u00b1\u20090.34 versus 1.24\u2009\u00b1\u20090.37\u2009mmol\u2005L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002) levels, whilst there was no difference in either total cholesterol (4.98\u2009\u00b1\u20091.10 versus 4.94\u2009\u00b1\u20091.07\u2009mmol\u2005L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), low\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.04\u2009\u00b1\u20090.96 versus 2.98\u2009\u00b1\u20090.98\u2009mmol\u2005L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) or non\u2010 high\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.78\u2009\u00b1\u20091.10 versus 3.70\u2009\u00b1\u20091.05\u2009mmol\u2005L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) concentrations (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). The results remained unchanged after most sensitivity analyses. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea with periodic limb movements during sleep had more prevalent cardiovascular disease (11% versus 6%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Periodic limb movements during sleep in obstructive sleep apnea is associated with dyslipidaemia independently of important confounders. Our results highlight periodic limb movements during sleep as an additional risk factor for cardiovascular disease in obstructive sleep apnea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T21:34:21Z","timestamp":1692653661000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The relationship between periodic limb movement during sleep and dyslipidaemia in patients with obstructive sleep apnea"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8983-740X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andras","family":"Bikov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wythenshawe Hospital Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre  Manchester UK"},{"name":"Division of Infection, Immunity &amp; Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health The University of Manchester  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2179-4650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastien","family":"Bailly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grenoble Alpes University, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes  Grenoble France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7303-9799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dries","family":"Testelmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology University Hospitals Leuven  Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE)  Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8601-423X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Fanfulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Medicine Unit \u2013 Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri \u2013 Istituto Scientifico di Pavia e Montescano IRCCS  Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasia","family":"Pataka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Failure Unit, School of Medicine G Papanikolaou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki  Thessaloniki Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izolde","family":"Bouloukaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine University of Crete  Heraklion Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Hein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private practice for Sleep Medicine and Sleep Disorders Center  Reinbek Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoran","family":"Dogas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Neuroscience University of Split School of Medicine  Split Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozen K.","family":"Basoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ege University  Izmir Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2218-8537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Staats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thorax Department Centro Hospitalar Universitario Lisboa Norte  Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Sa\u00fade Ambiental \u2013 ISAMB; Faculty of Medicine University of Lisbon  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Parati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Center\u2010Department of Cardiology IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, San Luca Hospital  Milan Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Milano\u2010Bicocca  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Center\u2010Department of Cardiology IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, San Luca Hospital  Milan Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Milano\u2010Bicocca  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7405-1682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludger","family":"Grote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sleep and Wake Disorders, Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"},{"name":"Pulmonary Medicine Sahlgrenska University Hospital  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8897-8342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Mihaicuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Innovation in Precision Medicine of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Pulmonology \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara  Timisoara Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the ESADA study group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26587"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000002649"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22062834"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000008844"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.8.2011062"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab158"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25860"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01430-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000145821.25453.f7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.79.1.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.6.755"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24593"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/ep085775"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00046710"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043798-199604000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","volume-title":"The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: Rules, terminology and technical specifications","author":"Iber C.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2021.2000224"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001599"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-020-02024-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70039-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.111.038968"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hps016"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"290","article-title":"Cigarette smoking as a risk factor or an exacerbating factor for restless legs syndrome and sleep bruxism","volume":"20","author":"Lavigne G. 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