{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T20:14:28Z","timestamp":1787948068646,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]],"date-time":"2023-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Automatic estimation of sleep structure is an important aspect in moving sleep monitoring from clinical laboratories to people's homes. However, the transition to more portable systems should not happen at the expense of important physiological signals, such as respiration. Here, we propose the use of cardiorespiratory signals obtained by a suprasternal pressure (SSP) sensor to estimate sleep stages. The sensor is already used for diagnosis of sleep\u2010disordered breathing (SDB) conditions, but besides respiratory effort it can detect cardiac vibrations transmitted through the trachea. We collected the SSP sensor signal in 100 adults (57 male) undergoing clinical polysomnography for suspected sleep disorders, including sleep apnea syndrome, insomnia, and movement disorders. Here, we separate respiratory effort and cardiac activity related signals, then input these into a neural network trained to estimate sleep stages. Using the original mixed signal the results show a moderate agreement with manual scoring, with a Cohen's kappa of 0.53 in Wake\/N1\u2013N2\/N3\/rapid eye movement sleep discrimination and 0.62 in Wake\/Sleep. We demonstrate that decoupling the two signals and using the cardiac signal to estimate the instantaneous heart rate improves the process considerably, reaching an agreement of 0.63 and 0.71. Our proposed method achieves high accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity across different sleep staging tasks. We also compare the total sleep time calculated with our method against manual scoring, with an average error of \u22121.83\u2009min but a relatively large confidence interval of \u00b155\u2009min. Compact systems that employ the SSP sensor information\u2010rich signal may enable new ways of clinical assessments, such as night\u2010to\u2010night variability in obstructive sleep apnea and other sleep disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]],"date-time":"2023-08-12T12:28:47Z","timestamp":1691843327000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A sleep stage estimation algorithm based on cardiorespiratory signals derived from a suprasternal pressure sensor"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8571-3971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Cerina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology  Eindhoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiaan","family":"Overeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology  Eindhoven The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Sleep Medicine, Kempenhaeghe  Heeze The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele B.","family":"Papini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology  Eindhoven The Netherlands"},{"name":"Philips Research  Eindhoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes P.","family":"van Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology  Eindhoven The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Sleep Medicine, Kempenhaeghe  Heeze The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rik","family":"Vullings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology  Eindhoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fokke","family":"van Meulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology  Eindhoven The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Sleep Medicine, Kempenhaeghe  Heeze The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philips Sleep and Respiratory Care  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Cerny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philips Sleep and Respiratory Care  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Anderer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philips Sleep and Respiratory Care  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology  Eindhoven The Netherlands"},{"name":"Philips Research  Eindhoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1950160408"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9192"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2172"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1939.2.1.48"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/acb12b"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"877","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in sleep disturbances: The multi\u2010ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"38","author":"Chen X.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","article-title":"Objective multi\u2010night sleep monitoring at home: Variability of sleep parameters between nights and implications for the reliability of sleep 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C. K. Wang W. &Chalacheva P.(2011).Monitoring Ultradian changes in cardiorespiratory control in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. In 2011 annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society 1487\u20131990. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2011.6090363"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9538"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/25.7.753"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ab9481"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2711282"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"1077","article-title":"The sleep heart health study: Design, rationale, and methods","volume":"20","author":"Quan S. 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