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The underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we investigate the associations between changes in micro\u2010architecture, specifically sleep spindles, and cognitive function in community\u2010dwelling middle\u2010aged and older adults, some with obstructive sleep apnea, with a focus on sex differences. A total of 125 voluntary participants (mean age 66.0\u2009\u00b1\u20096.4\u2009years, 64 females) from a larger cohort (participants of the <jats:italic>Brain in Motion Studies I<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>II<\/jats:italic>) underwent 1\u2005night of in\u2010home polysomnography and a neuropsychological battery (sleep and cognitive testing were conducted within 2\u2009weeks of each other). A semi\u2010automatic computerized algorithm was used to score polysomnography data and detect spindle characteristics in non\u2010rapid eye movement Stages 2 and 3 in both frontal and central electrodes. Based on their apnea\u2013hypopnea index, participants were divided into those with no obstructive sleep apnea (apnea\u2013hypopnea index\u2009&lt;\u20095 per hr, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200921), mild obstructive sleep apnea (5\u2009\u2265\u2009apnea\u2013hypopnea index\u2009&lt;\u200915, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200947), moderate obstructive sleep apnea (15\u2009\u2265\u2009apnea\u2013hypopnea index\u2009&lt;\u200930, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200934) and severe obstructive sleep apnea (apnea\u2013hypopnea index \u2265\u200930, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200923). There were no significant differences in spindle characteristics between the four obstructive sleep apnea severity groups. Spindle density and percentage of fast spindles were positively associated with some verbal fluency measures on the cognitive testing. Sex might be linked with these associations. Biological sex could play a role in the associations between spindle characteristics and some verbal fluency measures. Obstructive sleep apnea severity was not found to be a contributing factor in this non\u2010clinical community\u2010dwelling cohort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T23:24:45Z","timestamp":1700004285000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sex differences in the association of sleep spindle density and cognitive performance among community\u2010dwelling middle\u2010aged and older adults with obstructive sleep apnea"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1717-8417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matiram","family":"Pun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology &amp; Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9309-0652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Guadagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology &amp; Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard Stewart","family":"Longman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Psychology Service, Foothills Medical Centre, Alberta Health Service  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0689-1038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Hanly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Sleep Centre, Foothills Medical Centre  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd J.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Science, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Hogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean M.","family":"Rawling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1798-6801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Poulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology &amp; 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