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In the present study, we present the visual paired association learning (vPAL) paradigm, in which participants learn new associations between images of celebrities and animals. The vPAL is based on a one\u2010shot exposure that resembles learning in natural conditions. We tested if vPAL can reveal a role for sleep in memory consolidation by assessing the specificity of memory recognition, and the cued recall performance, before and after sleep. We found that a daytime nap improved the stability of recognition memory and discrimination abilities compared to identical intervals of wakefulness. By contrast, cued recall of associations did not exhibit significant sleep\u2010dependent effects. High\u2010density electroencephalography during naps further revealed an association between sleep spindle density and stability of recognition memory. Thus, the vPAL paradigm opens new avenues for future research on sleep and memory consolidation across ages and heterogeneous populations in health and disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T19:59:51Z","timestamp":1706558391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A visual paired associate learning (\n                    <scp>vPAL<\/scp>\n                    ) paradigm to study memory consolidation during sleep"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5257-0038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavio Jean","family":"Schmidig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"},{"name":"Department of Physiology &amp; Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv 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