{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:24:34Z","timestamp":1792016674274,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005032","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Bial","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sleep research has evolved considerably since the first sleep electroencephalography recordings in the 1930s and the discovery of well\u2010distinguishable sleep stages in the 1950s. While electrophysiological recordings have been used to describe the sleeping brain in much detail, since the 1990s neuroimaging techniques have been applied to uncover the brain organization and functional connectivity of human sleep with greater spatial resolution. The combination of electroencephalography with different neuroimaging modalities such as positron emission tomography, structural magnetic resonance imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging imposes several challenges for sleep studies, for instance, the need to combine polysomnographic recordings to assess sleep stages accurately, difficulties maintaining and consolidating sleep in an unfamiliar and restricted environment, scanner\u2010induced distortions with physiological artefacts that may contaminate polysomnography recordings, and the necessity to account for all physiological changes throughout the sleep cycles to ensure better data interpretability. Here, we review the field of sleep neuroimaging in healthy non\u2010sleep\u2010deprived populations, from early findings to more recent developments. Additionally, we discuss the challenges of applying concurrent electroencephalography and imaging techniques to sleep, which consequently have impacted the sample size and generalizability of studies, and possible future directions for the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:24:29Z","timestamp":1739406269000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Sleep neuroimaging: Review and future directions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3771-2787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Donders Institute of Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donders Institute of Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen Netherlands"},{"name":"Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Faculty of Psychology Southwest University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasiya","family":"Paltarzhytskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donders Institute of Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yibran","family":"Pache\u0441o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donders Institute of Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donders Institute of Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonore","family":"Bovy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donders Institute of Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2271-1287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Faculty of Psychology Southwest University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology &amp; Human Phenome Institute Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Engineering University of Shanghai for Science and Technology  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5418-5747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura D.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Center for Systems Neuroscience Boston University  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7235-2721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thien Thanh","family":"Dang\u2010Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology Concordia University &amp; Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de g\u00e9riatrie de Montr\u00e9al (CRIUGM)  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Czisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dante","family":"Picchioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Section National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Duyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Peigneux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR2NF \u2013 Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN \u2013 Centre de Recherches Cognition et Neurosciences, and UNI \u2013 ULB Neuroscience Institute Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles (ULB)  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enzo","family":"Tagliazucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de F\u00edsica de Buenos Aires  Buenos Aires Argentina"},{"name":"Latin American Brain Health Institute Universidad Adolfo Ibanez  Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Dresler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donders Institute of Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2007.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199807000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5660-10.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.03.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36190-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"1248","article-title":"Local and widespread slow waves in stable NREM sleep: Evidence for distinct regulation mechanisms","author":"Bernardi G.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"2012","article-title":"The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events","volume":"176","author":"Berry R. 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