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We selected 39 participants aged 16\u201320 and employed high\u2010density electroencephalography to assess spindle characteristics during two full nights of sleep, with daytime practising in a contour integration task in between the two nights. We utilised linear mixed models (LMM) to comprehensively analyse the effects of age and training on basic, clustering\u2010 and rhythmicity\u2010related spindle parameters. Our findings indicate no significant age effects in this age range, and no significant change between the two nights with respect to slow spindles. Fast spindles demonstrated a significant increase in density after training, and we observed significant changes in spindle clustering and rhythmicity parameters as well. Local spindle density, train density, the number of spindles within trains, the ratio of clustered spindles, and spindle duration in trains have increased, and inter\u2010train interval decreased by the second night within the task\u2010related temporo\u2010occipital regions. These results might be interpreted in the context of sleep\u2010dependent memory consolidation or potentially by homeostatic\u2010related processes following extensive training. Moreover, here we illustrate that spindle reorganisation occurs not only in motor tasks but also in visual learning. The absence of age\u2010related differences indicates that the reorganisation of spindles following training is a similar process in late adolescence and young adulthood. Our study emphasises the importance of spindle dynamics in procedural learning and suggests promising possibilities for future research into the neurophysiological basis of memory consolidation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.70068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T08:04:46Z","timestamp":1746086686000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Visual Training Induced Temporo\u2010Occipital Fast Sleep Spindle Clustering in Humans Revealed by Full\u2010Night\n                    <scp>HD<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>EEG<\/scp>\n                    Recordings"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5603-1912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Gerv\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University  Budapest Hungary"},{"name":"HUN\u2010REN\u2010ELTE\u2010PPKE Adolescent Development Research Group  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1193-2618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Bocskai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Psychological Research P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter Catholic University  Budapest Hungary"},{"name":"Division of Mental Health Sciences Semmelweis University Doctoral School  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Berencsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Methodology of Special Needs Education and Rehabilitation, B\u00e1rczi Guszt\u00e1v Faculty of Special Needs Education, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferenc","family":"Gombos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN\u2010REN\u2010ELTE\u2010PPKE Adolescent Development Research Group  Budapest Hungary"},{"name":"Laboratory for Psychological Research P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter Catholic University  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University  Budapest Hungary"},{"name":"HUN\u2010REN\u2010ELTE\u2010PPKE Adolescent Development Research Group  Budapest Hungary"},{"name":"Division of Mental Health Sciences Semmelweis University Doctoral School  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1635488"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13618"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2008.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0232"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.1408"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2762"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01128856"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00042.2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025572"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/10.6.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201011098\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He D. 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T.Chung.2024.\u201cCortical Dynamics During Contour Integration. bioRxiv 2024.05.13.594033.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.05.13.594033.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.13.594033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207532109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/370644a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2004.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx296"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302375"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0230"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02204362"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/s0219635209002113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.04.025"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jsr.70068","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jsr.70068","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jsr.70068","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T06:04:05Z","timestamp":1771049045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jsr.70068"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jsr.70068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.70068","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-1105","1365-2869"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2869","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70068"}}