{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:17:23Z","timestamp":1790738243618,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The present study aimed to describe the prevalence rates of frequent (i.e., at least weekly) dream recall and nightmares with consideration for differences in age, gender and sleep duration in 16 countries using equivalent assessment methods. The study sample included 15,854 participants (69.9% women) aged 18\u201399\u2009years (\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200942.39, SD\u2009=\u200916.43) collected by the International COVID\u201019 Sleep Study collaboration, which used a unified online survey to collect data from May to November 2021 across 16 countries. Participants provided demographic information as well as self\u2010reported estimates of their dream recall and nightmare frequency and sleep duration in 2021 and retrospectively for 2019. Frequent dream recall occurred in 54.0% of participants in 2021 and 51.1% in 2019. Frequent nightmares were reported by 11.0% of participants in 2021 and 6.9% in 2019. Ad hoc regression models found dream recall and sleep duration to have a linear relation, whereas nightmare frequency demonstrated a quadratic relation to sleep duration. Frequent dream recall and nightmare prevalence rates are reported for each of the 16 study countries by age, gender and sleep duration. This is the first multi\u2010continent study to estimate frequent dream recall and nightmare prevalence, which both provides updated prevalence rates during the COVID\u201019 pandemic as well as extends existing knowledge to previously never studied countries.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.70070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T18:55:08Z","timestamp":1745434508000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence Rates of Frequent Dream Recall and Nightmares by Age, Gender and Sleep Duration in 16 Countries"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2297-2778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney J.","family":"Bolstad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham\/Atlanta Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center Birmingham VA Health Care System  Birmingham Alabama USA"},{"name":"Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7051-745X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f8rn","family":"Bjorvatn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3009-3565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ngan Yin","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Li Chiu Kong Family Sleep Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9576-3606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frances","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine University Health Network, University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0683-6506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yves","family":"Dauvilliers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep and Wake Disorders Centre, Department of Neurology Gui de Chauliac Hospital, University of Montpellier, INSERM Institute Neuroscience Montpellier (INM)  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3613-6631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"De Gennaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Rome, Sapienza  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1294-8734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin A.","family":"Espie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Jules Thorn Sleep &amp; Circadian Neuroscience Institute and Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5385-4091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigitte","family":"Holzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Consciousness and Dream Research  Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Sleep Coaching Medical University Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7414-9017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuichi","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Somnology Tokyo Medical University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1895-0189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Korman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University  Ariel Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0547-0047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrijana","family":"Koscec Bjelajac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health  Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9567-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne\u2010Marie","family":"Landtblom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Link\u00f6ping University  Link\u00f6ping Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tain\u00e1","family":"Mac\u00eado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Institute Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte  Natal Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4538-5381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kentaro","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1222-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilona","family":"Merikanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SleepWell Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Orton Orthopaedics Hospital  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8649-8895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles M.","family":"Morin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laval University Department of Psychology and Centre de Recherche CERVO\/Brain Research Center  Quebec City Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0196-5421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Mota\u2010Rolim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Institute Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte  Natal Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4304-0112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Penzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Medicine Center Charite\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1051-0472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Plazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia  Modena Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Istitutodelle Scienze Neurologichedi Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6585-3993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa Cat\u00f3lica Research Centre for Psychological\u2014Family and Social Welbeing  Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"Gulbenkian Institute of Molecular Medicine  Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"ISAMB\u2014Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa Universidade de Lisboa  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9260-7111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Scarpelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Rome, Sapienza  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5745-5474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun Kwok","family":"Wing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Li Chiu Kong Family Sleep Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Nadorff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Mississippi State University  Mississippi State Mississippi USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u2010842X.2001.tb00294.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws308"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14165"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S324142"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S368147"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/18.7.589"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201053174\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.6.774"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13542"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2806"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4560"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406\u2010010\u20100112\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02762366221104214"}],"container-title":["Journal 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