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While cognitive task complexity modulates post\u2010SD neural activation, the role of SD duration remains uncertain. Thirty\u2010three healthy college students (16 male and 17 female) completed a 36\u2010h SD protocol, performing a switching task at baseline (pre\u2010SD), after 24\u2009h of SD (SD\u201024), and after 36\u2009h of SD (SD\u201036). Resting\u2010state EEG signals were recorded for 5\u2009min at each SD stage and analysed using Standardised Low\u2010Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography. Behavioural results showed that task performance declined after SD\u201024 compared to pre\u2010SD, but recovered toward baseline levels after SD\u201036. Additionally, cognitive flexibility was lower after SD\u201024 and SD\u201036 than pre\u2010SD, with no significant difference observed between SD\u201024 and SD\u201036. EEG results indicated decreased activation of the orbitofrontal and superior frontal gyrus after SD\u201024 and SD\u201036 compared to pre\u2010SD, but increased activation of the superior parietal lobe after SD\u201036 compared to SD\u201024. The results of this study suggest that compensatory mechanisms depend on SD duration, indicating that effective neural compensation requires sustained wakefulness to activate fully.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.70081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T08:22:37Z","timestamp":1746174157000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modulation of Neural Compensatory Response by Duration of Sleep Deprivation in a Cognitive Flexibility Task"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5652-5178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Beijing Sport University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1256-1203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haofei","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Beijing Sport University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5512-0435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Beijing Sport University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Astronaut Research and Training Center  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9092-9109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Astronaut Research and Training Center  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6717-6261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lizhong","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Beijing Sport University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071508"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2014.905474"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2021.2024376"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26918"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23175"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.625006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn756"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2023.120859"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000506879"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.0007\u201004.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682\u2010016\u20109570\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35001068"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"445","article-title":"Increasing Task Difficulty Facilitates the Cerebral Compensatory Response to Total Sleep Deprivation","volume":"27","author":"Drummond S. 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