{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:59:20Z","timestamp":1790315960041,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During lucid dreaming (LD), dreamers are aware that they are dreaming and may be able to influence the oneiric content. There has been recent debate about the relative importance of the ability to influence the dream and having agency over the pure awareness of dreaming. To underline this, we examined the associations of lucid dreams without agency (LD\u2212Ag) and lucid dreams with agency (LD\u2009+\u2009Ag) to sleep and mental health problems and long COVID during the pandemic. We collected data in 16 countries on four continents from May to December 2021 on 10,715 subjects. Logistic regression was performed to predict LD\u2212Ag and LD\u2009+\u2009Ag, with a sample of 8133 participants. We found that 30% of the participants frequently knew they were dreaming during the pandemic. About half of those (17%) reported that they could influence their dreams. Female gender and anxiety symptoms were negatively associated with LD\u2009+\u2009Ag. Dream recall, nightmares, insomnia, dream enactment behaviour (DEB), sleep vocalisation, short and long COVID and PTSD were positively associated with LD\u2009+\u2009Ag. Old age, dream recall, nightmares and anxiety symptoms were positively associated with LD\u2212Ag, while short sleep length, being an evening type, and short COVID were negatively associated with LD\u2212Ag. The different associations for LD\u2212Ag and LD\u2009+\u2009Ag suggest that they may be distinct sleep states. This is also the first study to show that both COVID\u201019 and long COVID are associated with LD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.70181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T10:06:55Z","timestamp":1755684415000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lucid Dreaming: Not Just Awareness, but Agency"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2346-1314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Severin","family":"Ableidinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Consciousness and Dream Research  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3613-6631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"De Gennaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Sapienza University of Rome  Roma Lazio Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Mota\u2010Rolim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Institute \u2013 Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte  Natal Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9260-7111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Scarpelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Sapienza University of Rome  Roma Lazio Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2297-2778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney J.","family":"Bolstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham\/Atlanta Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center Birmingham VA Health Care System  Birmingham Alabama USA"},{"name":"Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, Heersink School of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7051-745X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f8rn","family":"Bjorvatn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1294-8734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin A.","family":"Espie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Jules Thorn Sleep &amp; Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Somerville College, Senior Clinical Research Fellow, Department of Psychiatry University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0683-6506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yves","family":"Dauvilliers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep and Wake Disorders Centre, Department of Neurology, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, University of Montpellier INSERM Institute Neuroscience Montpellier (INM)  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1895-0189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Korman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences Ariel University  Ariel Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne\u2010Marie","family":"Landtblom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences Link\u00f6ping University  Link\u00f6ping Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1051-0472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Plazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna  Bologna Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia  Modena Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center Hospital National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Yordanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences  Sofia Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrijana Koscec","family":"Bjelajac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health  Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6585-3993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catia","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa Cat\u00f3lica Research Centre for Psychological \u2010 Family and Social Wellbeing  Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"GIMM \u2010 Gulbenkian Institute for Molecular Medicine  Lisboa Portugal"},{"name":"ISAMB \u2013 Instituto de Sa\u00fade Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa  Lisboa Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine University Health Network, University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1222-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilona","family":"Merikanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Orton Orthopaedics Hospital  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5745-5474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun K.","family":"Wing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Li Chiu Kong Family Sleep Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Ma On Shan New Territories Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markku","family":"Partinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinicum, University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Helsinki Sleep Clinic, Terveystalo Healthcare  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tain\u00e1","family":"Mac\u00eado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte  Natal Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Nadorff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Mississippi State University  Mississippi State Mississippi USA"},{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Holzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Consciousness and Dream Research  Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Medical University of Vienna, Postgraduate, Sleep Coaching  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11818\u2010022\u201000351\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00384"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389\u20109457(00)00065\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11588\/ijodr.2022.2.86509"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14165"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325\u2010021\u201002373\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31816d83e4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02618"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"Dreaming, Lucid Dreaming and Personality","volume":"2","author":"Doll E.","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Dream Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11588\/IJODR.2020.2.75952"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11588\/IJODR.2008.2.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S324142"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","volume-title":"Lucid Dreams","author":"Green C. E.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/drm0000030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.201700067"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0276236616648653"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Diskussion \u00fcber Induktionsmethoden, Theoretische Grundlagen und psychotherapeutische Anwendungen des Klartr\u00e4umens","volume":"20","author":"Holzinger B.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gestalt Theory"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01885"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01826"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"A Self\u2010Assessment Questionnaire to Determine Morningness\u2010Eveningness in Human Circadian Rhythms","volume":"4","author":"Horne J. A.","year":"1976","journal-title":"International Journal of Chronobiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273281"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11818\u2010023\u201000413\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033\u20103182(09)70864\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1981.52.3.727"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13613"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13542"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/drm0000163"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00836"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102869.1995.tb00205.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01290"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386\u2010019\u20100486\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10746-021-09598-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab445"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11588\/IJODR.2021.2.81533"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780111607"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2016.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.681569"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13789"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13429"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S344299"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11588\/IJODR.2018.2.48341"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/09.PMS.112.1.104\u2010108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102869.2008.00626.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2010.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02762366221104214"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0423-5_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12123876"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20103099(21)00703\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cns0000288"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11588\/IJODR.2016.2.33114"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0423-5_11"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"Individual Difference Correlates of Reported Lucid Dreaming Frequency and Control","volume":"16","author":"Wolpin M.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Imagery"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/drm0000188"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/npa.2017.12606"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/trm0000456"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","first-page":"98","article-title":"Relationship Between Lucid Dreaming, Creativity and Dream Characteristics","volume":"6","author":"Zink N.","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Dream Research"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jsr.70181","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jsr.70181","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jsr.70181","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:17:48Z","timestamp":1790313468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jsr.70181"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jsr.70181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.70181","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-1105","1365-2869"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2869","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70181"}}