{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T04:05:16Z","timestamp":1783915516355,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00\u2010MH122663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00\u2010MH122663"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Declarative memories are reactivated\u2014and thereby consolidated\u2014during sleep. Real\u2010life memories are typically nested hierarchically (e.g., memory for making coffee nested within memory for one's morning routine). We tested the specificity of memory reactivation during sleep in humans: is it limited to low\u2010tier items or does it extend to wider contexts? To test this, we adapted a well\u2010replicated design using targeted memory reactivation, which uses non\u2010invasive sensory cues to preferentially reactivate memories during sleep. Thirty\u2010two participants (18 women and 14 men) learned two sets of object locations, each paired with a unique odour. By cueing one odour during non\u2010REM sleep, we tested whether reactivation would benefit the entire learning context or selectively enhance the cued set. Our results show no overall benefit for the cued set over the non\u2010cued one. A more nuanced, encoding\u2010strength\u2010dependent reactivation effect was observed for the cued category relative to the non\u2010cued one. Whereas previous studies showed that odour presentation increased spectral activity in the sigma range, putatively reflecting sleep spindles, we found a sustained (~15\u2009s) inhibition following presentation. The results indicate that cueing did not uniformly benefit the targeted memories. One explanation for these results is that cueing benefits may have generalised across the learning context as a whole rather than impacting a single set of memories. Moreover, our results provide more evidence that initial encoding strength dictates the extent of reactivation effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.70281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T03:46:53Z","timestamp":1770608813000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Odor\u2010Cued Targeted Reactivation Was Unable to Selectively Benefit Declarative Memories During Sleep"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Gautam","family":"Narayan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory University of California Irvine  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"George","family":"Babineaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University  Greensboro North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory University of California Irvine  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandhya","family":"Murugavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory University of California Irvine  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiange","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory University of California Irvine  Irvine California 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