{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T04:05:17Z","timestamp":1783915517841,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K99\u2010MH122663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K99\u2010MH122663"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00\u2010MH122663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00\u2010MH122663"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP1\u2010HL179370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP1\u2010HL179370"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Reactivation of recently acquired memories during sleep supports their longevity. Reactivation can be altered during sleep using odours or sounds through a technique termed targeted memory reactivation (TMR). Here, we attempted to selectively weaken memories by reactivating them together with forgetting instructions. We delivered sounds to reactivate spatial memories and concurrent odours to reactivate instructions. Participants learned about the instructions in a Directed\u2010Forgetting task performed with a list of to\u2010be\u2010remembered and to\u2010be\u2010forgotten words. One odour was linked with instructions to forget, one with instructions to remember, and a third was not assigned any meaning. During a nap, sounds previously linked with object\u2010location learning were simultaneously presented with these odours. Spatial recall was tested after sleep. Sound cues produced a selective recall benefit for weakly encoded memories. However, memory results did not support the prediction that forgetting could be instilled by the concurrent Forget odour. An encoding\u2010strength\u2010dependent benefit was largest when sounds were presented together with the odour that lacked assigned meaning, whereas the other two odours both disrupted sound\u2010induced memory reactivation. These two odours were linked with instructions and with multiple learning episodes in the Directed\u2010Forgetting task. Accordingly, we infer that reactivation evoked by the Remember and Forget odour cues interfered with the reactivation of spatial memories. Odours also induced a prolonged decline in sigma EEG power (12\u201316\u2009Hz) that continued at least 10\u2009s after odour offset. Overall, these findings highlight the complexity of memory consolidation during sleep when multiple memories and multiple cues are involved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.70314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:42:00Z","timestamp":1771375320000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Concurrent Presentation of Memory\u2010Related Odours and Sounds Nullified Sleep Reactivation Benefits"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Gayathri","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Arizona State University  Tempe Arizona USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Zelano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4415-4143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken A.","family":"Paller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8127-012X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eitan","family":"Schechtman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior and Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory University of California  Irvine California 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