{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:51:52Z","timestamp":1788875512533,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23MH134032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23MH134032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Distressing dreams shortly after trauma may reflect attempts at emotional processing that, if unsuccessful, could heighten the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, no measures are designed to assess the emotional content of dreams after trauma. The current studies aimed to develop and validate a clinician\u2010rated inventory for assessing emotional dream content after trauma. In Study 1, we created 77 items targeting seven emotions in dreams: fear, anger, sadness, seeking, care, play, and lust. Two independent raters scored 100 randomly selected dreams using these items. In Study 2, we applied the most reliable items to 42 dreams of patients within 1 week following trauma (T1), with follow\u2010ups 1 month later (T2). An 18\u2010item negative dream inventory (fear + anger + sadness) correlated with trauma patients' self\u2010reported dream negativity (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.54,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and inversely with positivity (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.37,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.017). Negative dreams were associated with increased odds of being exposed to interpersonal violence (OR\u2009=\u20091.45,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.014) and more severe acute stress at T1 (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.36,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.021). More negative dreams at T1 prospectively predicted trauma\u2010related nightmares (OR\u2009=\u20091.62,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.045) and PTSD at T2 (OR\u2009=\u20091.50,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.049). Patients who developed PTSD at T2 had significantly more negative dreams at T1 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.034, \u2009=\u20090.20). These studies provide preliminary support for a novel clinician\u2010rated tool, the\n                    <jats:italic>Distressing Dream Content Inventory<\/jats:italic>\n                    , for identifying negative emotional dream content immediately after trauma that is predictive of future PTSD risk.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.70329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T12:05:24Z","timestamp":1773749124000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Distressing Dream Content Inventory: Development and Initial Validation in Acute Trauma Patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Anthony N.","family":"Reffi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders and Research Center Henry Ford Health  Detroit Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Michigan State University College of Human Medicine  Grand Rapids Michigan USA"},{"name":"Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery Henry Ford Hospital  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Mahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders and Research Center Henry Ford Health  Detroit Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Henry Ford Hospital  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lily","family":"Jankowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders and Research Center Henry Ford Health  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Henry Ford Hospital  Detroit Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Trinity Health Livonia Hospital  Livonia Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy S.","family":"Pawirosetiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Dimensions International  Bridgeville Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Michigan State University College of Human Medicine  Grand Rapids Michigan USA"},{"name":"Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery Henry Ford Hospital  Detroit Michigan USA"},{"name":"Division of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Henry Ford Hospital  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Drake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders and Research Center Henry Ford Health  Detroit Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Michigan State University College of Human Medicine  Grand Rapids Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032576"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000254"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.09.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1053\u20100797.17.4.187"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15294145.2003.10773410"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_7_1","volume-title":"Scale Development: Theory and Applications","author":"DeVellis R. F.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010clinpsy\u2010032813\u2010153716"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_9_1","volume-title":"The Content Analysis of Dreams","author":"Hall C.","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21748"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009488705828"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_12_1","unstructured":"Hartmann E. M.Zborowski andR.Kunzendorf.2001.\u201cThe Emotion Pictured by a Dream: An Examination of Emotions Contextualized in Dreams.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.1989.8.2.158"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_14_1","unstructured":"Kilpatrick D. G. H. S.Resnick andM. J.Friedman.2013.\u201cSeverity of Acute Stress Symptoms\u2014Adult (National Stressful Events Survey Acute Stress Disorder Short Scale [NSESSS]).\u201dAmerican Psychiatric Association."},{"key":"e_1_2_17_15_1","first-page":"A394","article-title":"Prevalence and Timing of Sleep Disturbance in Cerro Grande Firestorm Victims","volume":"24","author":"Krakow B.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.133.3.482"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007812321136"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00464"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen T. andM.Carr.2017.\u201cChapter\u00a053 Nightmares and Nightmare Function.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.academia.edu\/31226651\/Chapter_53_Nightmares_and_Nightmare_Function.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-24288-2.00053-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2007.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1351204"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_23_1","volume-title":"Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions","author":"Panksepp J.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073911410741"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11588\/ijodr.2021.1.75883"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001422"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2024.2437634"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2024.2409561"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.11744"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2010.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_31_1","unstructured":"Smith S. G. X.Zhang K. C.Basile et\u00a0al.2018.\u201cThe National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2015 Data Brief \u2013 Updated Release.\u201dhttps:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/60893."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_17_32_1","first-page":"360","article-title":"Understanding Interobserver Agreement: The Kappa Statistic","volume":"37","author":"Viera A. J.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Family Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016570"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_34_1","unstructured":"Weathers F. W. B. T.Litz T. M.Keane P. A.Palmieri B. P.Marx andP. P.Schnurr.2013.\u201cThe PTSD Checklist for DSM\u20105 (PCL\u20105).\u201dScale Available from the National Center for PTSD.http:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov."},{"key":"e_1_2_17_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201058170\u2010z"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jsr.70329","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jsr.70329","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jsr.70329","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T03:36:08Z","timestamp":1783913768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jsr.70329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jsr.70329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.70329","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-1105","1365-2869"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2869","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70329"}}