{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T04:05:12Z","timestamp":1783915512596,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003125","name":"Suomen Kulttuurirahasto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00240806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00240806"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004325","name":"Signe ja Ane Gyllenbergin S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6425"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022793","name":"Turun Yliopistos\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["081199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["081199"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Previous studies have examined how the COVID\u201019 pandemic affected dream recall, dream content, and nightmares. However, relatively little attention has been devoted to the individual and situational factors associated with pandemic\u2010induced changes in dreams. The threat simulation theory of dreaming predicts that threatening situations in our waking life (situational factors) influence threatening dream content. At the same time, individual differences predispose some people to be more prone to experiencing threatening dreams more frequently than others. Using a large Finnish sample of prospective dream diaries, we analysed the relative importance of individual (e.g., belonging to a COVID\u201019 risk group, life satisfaction, depression and anxiety symptoms) and situational factors (e.g., daily COVID\u201019 worry, COVID\u201019 media consumption, negative and positive emotions) to determine the best predictors for threatening events and COVID\u201019\u2010related threatening events in dreams. Random forest analyses revealed that individual factors were consistently better predictors than situational factors for both threatening events and pandemic\u2010related threatening events in dreams. Lower life satisfaction was the only statistically significant predictor of threatening events and experiencing fewer positive emotions in the past 2\u2009weeks was the only statistically significant predictor of pandemic\u2010related threatening events in dreams. These findings suggest that the propensity to experience threatening dream content, including pandemic\u2010related threatening events, is more of a stable trait rather than a daily fluctuating feature of dreams. In light of the threat simulation theory, it could be argued that individual variation in the proneness to simulate threatening events adaptively interacts with daily experiences to modulate threatening dream content.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.70336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T08:40:56Z","timestamp":1775119256000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Individual and Situational Predictors of Threatening Dream Content During the\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5297-0541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ville","family":"Loukola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Speech\u2010Language Pathology, and the Turku Brain and Mind Center University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3892-3199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jarno","family":"Tuominen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Speech\u2010Language Pathology, and the Turku Brain and Mind Center University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eveliina","family":"Malinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Speech\u2010Language Pathology, and the Turku Brain and Mind Center University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katariina","family":"Tienhaara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Speech\u2010Language Pathology, and the Turku Brain and Mind Center University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6915-089X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henri","family":"Olkoniemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychology University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2771-1588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antti","family":"Revonsuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Speech\u2010Language Pathology, and the Turku Brain and Mind Center University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy University of Sk\u00f6vde  Sk\u00f6vde Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5133-8664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja","family":"Valli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Speech\u2010Language Pathology, and the Turku Brain and Mind Center University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy University of Sk\u00f6vde  Sk\u00f6vde Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Sleep and Breathing Center Turku University Hospital  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JML.2007.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JML.2012.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/A0016294"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11588\/ijodr.2016.2.27214"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","unstructured":"Brooks M. B.Bolker K.Kristensen et\u00a0al.2022.glmmTMB: Generalized Linear Mixed Models Using Template Model Builder (1.1.4).https:\/\/github.com\/glmmTMB\/glmmTMB."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","volume-title":"The Twenty\u2010Four Hour Mind: The Role of Sleep and Dreaming in Our Emotional Lives","author":"Cartwright R. D.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327752JPA4901_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/14679.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/TSP.24.2.157"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FPSYG.2022.809131\/BIBTEX"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/DRM0000241"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/JSR.12820"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/PAP0000385"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1015\u20105759\/A000414"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104710"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2024.2386608"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","volume-title":"Residual Diagnostics for Hierarchical (Multi\u2010Level\/Mixed) Regression Models. R packege version 0.4.7","author":"Hartig F.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","volume-title":"Boundaries in the Mind: A New Psychology of Personality","author":"Hartmann E.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JAD.2016.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888\u2010016\u20100728\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198567523.003.0011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FPSYG.2022.764811\/BIBTEX"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02762366241302706"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/DRM0000266"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/JSR.13439"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJCHP.2022.100364"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1525\u20101497.2001.016009606.X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/XLM0000547"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CONCOG.2017.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902\u2010012\u20109343\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1467\u20108721.2009.01614.X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CONCOG.2024.103651"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007812321136"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FPSYT.2020.579289\/BIBTEX"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/JEPS.434"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/H0094348"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327752JPA5701_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JCLP.20212"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20109280.2007.01900.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00004015"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dreaming and Consciousness: Testing the Threat Simulation Theory of the Function of Dreaming","volume":"6","author":"Revonsuo A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psyche"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201050859\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/JSR.13300"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/JSR.13429"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013890421674"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00406\u2010003\u20100438\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S11818\u2010025\u201000535\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/DRM0000146"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/JSR.13126"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053\u20108100(02)00072\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","unstructured":"Sikka P.2020.\u201cDream Affect: Conceptual and Methodological Issues in the Study of Emotions and Moods Experienced in Dreams\u201d. [Doctoral dissertation University of Turku]. UTUPub.https:\/\/www.utupub.fi\/handle\/10024\/148685."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/EMO0001255"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/DRM0000231"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053\u20108100(03)00019\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0233410"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.54.6.1063"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqt161"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jsr.70336","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jsr.70336","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jsr.70336","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T03:34:53Z","timestamp":1783913693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jsr.70336"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jsr.70336"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.70336","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-1105","1365-2869"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2869","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70336"}}