{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T02:46:16Z","timestamp":1782269176178,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS1439210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS1439210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sleep Research"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Prior research has built up the notion that non\u2010rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM) are separately important for specific types of memory. However, growing evidence suggests that these sleep stages work in conjunction to jointly shape memory. The sequential hypothesis proposes that the ordered sequence of NREM followed by REM is critical for memory consolidation. Additionally, NREM spindles and REM alpha bursts have been independently implicated in episodic memory, yet it is unknown how these oscillatory events may shape episodic memory together. We hypothesised that NREM spindles and REM alpha bursts play complementary roles in episodic memory, with spindles associated with memory retention and REM alpha bursts with forgetting. Participants (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200924, 18\u201335\u2009years) completed a Face\u2010Name Association task before and after sleep; interference was introduced to a subset of the face\u2010name pairs prior to sleep. We then examined relations between sleep oscillatory events and overnight change in performance for memory with and without interference. Participants exhibited forgetting for both memory types (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), with no significant difference between types (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.05); however, the underlying sleep neurophysiology differed. Spindle density predicted memory improvement exclusively for interfered\u2010with memories (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). REM alpha burst power predicted forgetting for memories with and without interference (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), with a stronger effect for memories without interference. These findings indicate distinct, yet complementary, roles for NREM spindles and REM alpha bursts in levelling the strength of newly acquired memories, consistent with the recently proposed REM Refine and Rescue Hypothesis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.70362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T01:46:02Z","timestamp":1782265562000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Strong and Weak Episodic Memories Are Shaped by Multiple Cycles of\n                    <scp>NREM<\/scp>\n                    Spindles and\n                    <scp>REM<\/scp>\n                    Alpha Bursts"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7008-1692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. E.","family":"Shuster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Irvine  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. A.","family":"McDevitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton University  Princeton New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. C.","family":"Mednick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Irvine  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2017.07.001","article-title":"Vocabulary Learning Benefits From REM After Slow\u2010Wave Sleep","volume":"144","author":"Batterink L. 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