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Using a closed\u2010loop targeted memory reactivation (CL\u2010TMR) protocol, this study tested whether auditory cueing time\u2010locked to spindles enhances the consolidation of a newly acquired motor sequence. Twenty\u2010six young adults practiced two eight\u2010element, explicitly known, sequences of finger movements, each paired with a distinct auditory cue. During subsequent NREM Stage 2 and 3 nighttime sleep, a portable deep\u2010learning\u2010based EEG device (Portiloop) detected spindles online and selectively replayed the cue associated with one sequence (TMR condition), while the other served as a within\u2010subject non\u2010reactivated control (non\u2010TMR) condition. Behavioural performance was assessed before and after sleep. Greater overnight improvements in performance were observed for the reactivated as compared to the non\u2010reactivated condition, hence demonstrating enhanced consolidation following spindle\u2010locked CL\u2010TMR. The magnitude of this TMR benefit was positively correlated with the percentage of stimulations delivered during true spindles. Furthermore, a higher percentage of stimulations occurring during spindle trains (i.e., two or more spindles separated by &lt;\u20096\u2009s) was associated with larger TMR\u2010induced gains, whereas a higher percentage during isolated spindles (&gt;\u20096\u2009s apart) was associated with reduced gains. These findings provide further evidence that spindle\u2010timed reactivation supports motor memory consolidation in humans and suggest that spindle trains may represent a favourable physiological window for closed\u2010loop interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.70468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:35:56Z","timestamp":1792805756000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Closed\u2010Loop Targeted Memory Reactivation During Sleep Spindles Enhances Motor Memory Consolidation"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8858-0448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prakriti","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McConnell Brain Imaging Centre and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery McGill University  Montreal Canada"},{"name":"Integrated Program in Neuroscience McGill University  Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6909-2028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaishali","family":"Mutreja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McConnell Brain Imaging Centre and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery McGill University  Montreal Canada"},{"name":"Integrated Program in Neuroscience McGill University  Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ovidiu","family":"Lungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McConnell Brain Imaging Centre and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery McGill University  Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Latifa","family":"Lazzouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McConnell Brain Imaging Centre and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery McGill University  Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella","family":"Gabitov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McConnell Brain Imaging Centre and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery McGill University  Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habib","family":"Benali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Concordia University  Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5004-101X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo R.","family":"Jourde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Concordia University  Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9755-8630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Beltrame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering and Software Engineering Polytechnique Montreal  Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8249-7396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily B. 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