{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T12:22:48Z","timestamp":1790079768757,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["374031971 \u2010 TRR240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["374031971 \u2010 TRR240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013120","name":"European Medicines Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EMA\/2021\/17\/TDA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMA\/2021\/17\/TDA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013120","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jthjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T10:15:07Z","timestamp":1661422507000},"page":"2579-2586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Quantitative interpretation of PF4\/heparin\u2010EIA optical densities in predicting platelet\u2010activating VITT antibodies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6660-9949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Sch\u00f6nborn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0177-6508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Thiele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8425-618X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max","family":"Esefeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3059-4853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalil","family":"El Debuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5025-7355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Wesche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1191-1876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina E.","family":"Seck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2359-2294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Kaderali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2723-3299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8046-7588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore E.","family":"Warkentin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8343-7336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Greinacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"22","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2104882","article-title":"Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV\u201019 vaccination","volume":"384","author":"Schultz","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2104840","article-title":"Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov\u201019 vaccination","volume":"384","author":"Greinacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2105385","article-title":"Pathologic antibodies to platelet factor 4 after ChAdOx1 nCoV\u201019 vaccination","volume":"384","author":"Scully","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2112974","article-title":"Vaccine\u2010induced thrombocytopenia with severe headache","volume":"385","author":"Salih","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"385","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109908","article-title":"Clinical features of vaccine\u2010induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis","volume":"2021","author":"Pavord","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15341","article-title":"Recommendations for the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of VITT against COVID\u201019: communication from the ISTH SSC subcommittee on platelet immunology","volume":"19","author":"Nazy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0040","unstructured":"WHO. Guidance for clinical case management of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) following vaccination to prevent coronavirus disease (COVID\u201019): World Health Organization; 2021 [updated July 19, 2021]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO\u20102019\u2010nCoV\u2010TTS\u20102021.1"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003","article-title":"Laboratory testing for VITT antibodies","volume":"59","author":"Warkentin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sem Hemat"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3656","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021012064","article-title":"A flow cytometric assay to detect platelet\u2010activating antibodies in VITT after ChAdOx1 nCov\u201019 vaccination","volume":"137","author":"Handtke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107051","article-title":"Adjunct immune globulin for vaccine\u2010induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"385","author":"Bourguignon","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2010.03974.x","article-title":"Heparin\u2010induced thrombocytopenia: towards standardization of platelet factor 4\/heparin antigen tests","volume":"8","author":"Greinacher","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2008.03025.x","article-title":"Quantitative interpretation of optical density measurements using PF4\u2010dependent enzyme\u2010immunoassays","volume":"6","author":"Warkentin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(99)00198-X","article-title":"A prospective Study on the incidence and clinical relevance of heparin\u2010induced antibodies in patients after vascular surgery","volume":"97","author":"Lindhoff\u2010Last","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021012217","article-title":"Frequency of positive anti\u2010PF4\/polyanion antibody tests after COVID\u201019 vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV\u201019 and BNT162b2","volume":"138","author":"Thiele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-05-850370","article-title":"Fibronectin modulates formation of PF4\/heparin complexes and is a potential factor for reducing risk of developing HIT","volume":"133","author":"Krauel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1642496","article-title":"Heparin\u2010associated thrombocytopenia: the effects of various intravenous lgG preparations on antibody mediated platelet activation \u2010 a possible new indication for high dose i.v. IgG","volume":"71","author":"Greinacher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.03.050","article-title":"IVIg for treatment of severe refractory heparin\u2010induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"152","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1992.tb02796.x","article-title":"Heparin\u2010induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"22","author":"Chong","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aust NZ J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2019.1636645","article-title":"High\u2010dose intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment and prevention of heparin\u2010induced thrombocytopenia: a review","volume":"12","author":"Warkentin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Hematol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2008.03171.x","article-title":"Heparin\u2010induced thrombocytopenia \u2013 therapeutic concentrations of danaparoid, unlike fondaparinux and direct thrombin inhibitors, inhibit formation of platelet factor 4\u2013heparin complexes","volume":"6","author":"Krauel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3430","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021013839","article-title":"The interaction between anti\u2010PF4 antibodies and anticoagulants in vaccine\u2010induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"139","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03744-4","article-title":"Antibody epitopes in vaccine\u2010induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"596","author":"Huynh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14945","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14945","article-title":"Anti\u2010platelet factor 4\/polyanion antibodies mediate a new mechanism of autoimmunity","volume":"8","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2007.11.007","article-title":"Heparin\u2010induced thrombocytopenia: a stoichiometry\u2010based model to explain the differing immunogenicities of unfractionated heparin, low\u2010molecular\u2010weight heparin, and fondaparinux in different clinical settings","volume":"122","author":"Greinacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V116.21.1435.1435","article-title":"Heparin modifies the immunogenicity of positively\u2010charged proteins","volume":"116","author":"Arepally","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.61.4.563","article-title":"The precipitin reaction between type III pneumococcus polysaccharide and homologous antibody: III. A quantitative study and a theory of the reaction mechanism","volume":"61","author":"Heidelberger","year":"1935","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0140","article-title":"Case report: vaccine\u2010induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia in a pancreatic cancer patient after vaccination with messenger RNA\u20101273","volume":"8","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.7326\/L21-0244","article-title":"Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after the messenger RNA\u20131273 vaccine","volume":"174","author":"Sangli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1111\/jth.15862_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2021.280366","article-title":"Platelet\u2010activating anti\u2010PF4 antibodies mimicking VITT antibodies in an unvaccinated patient with monoclonal gammopathy","volume":"107","author":"Greinacher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Haematologica"}],"container-title":["Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jth.15862","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jth.15862","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1538783622184886?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1538783622184886?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jth.15862","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T03:35:52Z","timestamp":1761536152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1538783622184886"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1538783622184886"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jth.15862","relation":{},"ISSN":["1538-7836"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1538-7836","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Quantitative interpretation of PF4\/heparin\u2010EIA optical densities in predicting platelet\u2010activating VITT antibodies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jth.15862","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2022 The Authors. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis published by ELSEVIER INC. on behalf of International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}