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Of the remaining hepatitis viruses \u2010 Delta hepatitis, hepatitis G (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GB<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010C), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TT<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SEN<\/jats:styled-content> \u2010 all have at some time been incriminated as causes of hepatocellular carcinoma. Delta hepatitis virus requires helper functions from hepatitis B virus to become invasive. Chronic Delta\/hepatitis B viral co\u2010infection runs a more severe course than that resulting from chronic hepatitis B virus infection alone, with progression to cirrhosis being more likely and more rapid. A substantial majority of the early studies did not find an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in co\u2010infected individuals. But more recently, an increased incidence of the tumour has been recorded more often than no increase. Further studies are needed to draw a firm conclusion with regard to the hepatocarcinogenic effect of dual Delta\/hepatitis B virus co\u2010infection. With one exception, no published study (of 13) has incriminated chronic infection with hepatitis G virus as a cause of hepatocellular carcinoma. The dissenting study, published in 1999, was the only one performed in the United States. Fewer studies of the hepatocarcinogenic effect of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TT<\/jats:styled-content> virus have been performed. Apart from one study, published in 1999, no convincing evidence is available that supports a causal role for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TT<\/jats:styled-content> virus in hepatocarcinogenesis. The exception was in Japanese patients with high hepatitis C viral loads but independent of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. No evidence has been produced to indicate that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SEN<\/jats:styled-content> virus causes hepatocellular carcinoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,26]],"date-time":"2012-12-26T11:27:43Z","timestamp":1356521263000},"page":"149-157","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Hepatitis viruses (other than hepatitis B and C viruses) as causes of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"M. 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