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Among the nucleos(t)ides used in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHB<\/jats:styled-content> treatment, telbivudine is associated with the highest rates of hepatitis B e antigen (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>eAg) seroconversion rates, which are similar to those observed with pegylated interferon (Peg<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>). Besides direct antiviral effect, modulation of the immune system may be an additional benefit for telbivudine\u2010treated patients. Indeed, there is much clinical data indicating an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010like behaviour for telbivudine in contrast to other oral nucleos(t)ides, such as high <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>eAg seroconversion, similar hepatitis B surface antigen (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>sAg) decline and biphasic viral kinetics. Clinical studies, animal models and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> studies suggest that both the innate and adaptive immune system responses contribute to high <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>eAg seroconversion during telbivudine treatment through modulation of the function and\/or expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>8+ T cells, Th1\/Th2, Treg, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010L1, Th17, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201021 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TFH<\/jats:styled-content>. The results described in this review suggest that the antiviral effect of telbivudine may be attributable not only to direct suppression of hepatitis B virus, but also to immunoregulatory effects. Hypothetically, telbivudine shares some common signal pathways with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T06:47:55Z","timestamp":1357022875000},"page":"9-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Telbivudine treatment is associated with high hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion and immune modulatory effects in chronic hepatitis B patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"G.\u2010Q.","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Center for Liver Diseases Peking University First Hospital Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y.\u2010P.","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Center for Liver Diseases Peking University First Hospital Beijing 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