{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T06:55:51Z","timestamp":1791096951710,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,4]],"date-time":"2013-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1365033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"French National Agency for Research on AIDS"},{"name":"Viral Hepatitis","award":["AO2011-1 CSS4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AO2011-1 CSS4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>For a long time, the lack of an appropriate cell culture system has hampered the study of neutralizing antibody responses against hepatitis <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content> virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content>). However, the last decade has seen the development of several model systems that have significantly advanced our understanding of viral entry and antibody neutralization. Studies of acutely infected patients suggest that a strong and early production of neutralizing antibodies may contribute to control the virus during the acute phase of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content> infection and facilitate viral elimination by cellular immune responses. It also emerges that the early antibody response mainly targets hypervariable region 1 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HVR<\/jats:styled-content>1) of the envelope glycoprotein <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>2. This host response can lead to viral escape from neutralization by rapid amino acid changes in this hypervariable region. In contrast, cross\u2010reactive neutralizing antibodies seem to appear later during <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content> infection, and several mechanisms contribute to reduce their accessibility to their cognate epitopes. These include the masking of major conserved neutralizing epitopes by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HVR<\/jats:styled-content>1, specific <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010linked glycans and the lipid moiety of the viral particle. Other potential mechanisms of evasion from the neutralizing antibody response include a modulation by high\u2010density lipoproteins and interfering antibodies as well as the capacity of the virus to be transferred by cell\u2010to\u2010cell contacts. Finally, the recent identification of several highly conserved neutralizing epitopes provides some opportunities for the design and development of vaccine candidates that elicit a protective humoral immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,4]],"date-time":"2013-04-04T08:56:33Z","timestamp":1365065793000},"page":"369-376","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Virus\u2010neutralizing antibodies to hepatitis <scp>C<\/scp> virus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Wahid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection &amp; Immunity of Lille (CIIL) Inserm U1019 CNRS UMR8204 Institut Pasteur de Lille Univ Lille Nord de France Lille France"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Minia University Minia Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Dubuisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection &amp; Immunity of Lille (CIIL) Inserm U1019 CNRS UMR8204 Institut Pasteur de Lille Univ Lille Nord de France Lille 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