{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T11:49:15Z","timestamp":1790250555296,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,29]],"date-time":"2013-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1369785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"the International Polar Year Initiative"},{"name":"Gilead Sciences Canada Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical observations suggest that chronic hepatitis <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content> virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>) infections in the Canadian Inuit are less often associated with serious adverse outcomes than has been described in other <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected patient populations. The aim of this study was to document the clinical and biochemical features, liver\u2010related morbidity and all\u2010cause mortality in Canadian Inuit with chronic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content> infections. Administrative databases were reviewed for individuals identified as hepatitis B surface antigen (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>sAg) positive during a 1983\u201385 seroepidemiological survey of viral hepatitis in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>affin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>sland, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>anada. An equal number of age\u2010 and gender\u2010matched <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>s<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>g\u2010negative individuals from the same communities served as controls. Baseline <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content> viral loads, genotypes and specific mutations were compared in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>s<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>g\u2010positive survivors and nonsurvivors. A subset of surviving <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>sAg\u2010positive carriers were reassessed 25\u201330\u00a0years following their initial diagnosis for evidence of advanced liver disease and changes to their serological\/virological findings. One hundred and forty four <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>s<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>g\u2010positive individuals were identified. All were <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>anadian <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>nuit. The mean age at diagnosis was 38\u00a0\u00b1\u00a017\u00a0years and 69 (61%) were male. Median follow\u2010up was 23\u00a0years (range: 2\u201328\u00a0years). Viral quantitation from stored sera could be performed in 70 infected individuals. The median viral load was 4.3 log 10\u00a0IU\/ml (range: 2.3\u20138.8 log 10\u00a0IU\/ml), and all were genotype <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>, subgenotype <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>6. Liver biochemistry, morbidity and all\u2010cause mortality rates were similar in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>s<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>g\u2010positive carriers and controls. Following multivariate analyses, only age at diagnosis predicted mortality in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>sAg carriers. In a subset of 30 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>sAg\u2010positive survivors who underwent follow\u2010up assessments, clinical, biochemical and radiological examinations of the liver were essentially normal. 23\/30 (77%) remained <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>sAg positive and 17\/19 (90%) <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> positive. The genotype and prevalence of genomic mutations in this cohort remained largely unchanged, but quantifiable viral loads were significantly lower (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.003). The results of this study suggest that chronic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content> infections in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>anadian Inuit are infrequently associated with serious adverse outcomes. Whether this finding reflects unique features of the host, presence or absence of external factors that influence the course of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content> and\/or intrinsic properties of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV B<\/jats:styled-content>6 subgenotype remains to be determined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,30]],"date-time":"2013-05-30T05:07:44Z","timestamp":1369890464000},"page":"890-896","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A paucity of liver disease in <scp>C<\/scp>anadian <scp>I<\/scp>nuit with chronic hepatitis <scp>B<\/scp> virus, subgenotype <scp>B<\/scp>6 infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"G. 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