{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T22:17:55Z","timestamp":1791152275012,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,27]],"date-time":"2014-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatitis B virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>) is a major cause of acute and chronic liver inflammation worldwide. The immune response against the virus represents a key factor in determining infection outcome, in terms of both viral clearance and the perpetuation of liver damage. Significant advances have recently been achieved regarding the functions of antiviral <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>8+ <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content> cells, leading to a better understanding of their abnormalities during chronic infection as well as the pathways to be manipulated to reverse the immune impairment of chronic infection. In this review, we aimed to analyse the patterns of adaptive immunity that develop during acute infection and the profiles in chronic infection. In addition to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>8+ <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content> cells, which are the best\u2010described subset to date, we reviewed and commented on the direct and indirect roles of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+ <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content> cells and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content> cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,28]],"date-time":"2014-03-28T04:00:21Z","timestamp":1395979221000},"page":"305-313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Adaptive response in hepatitis B virus infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Loggi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Biomedicine Bellinzona Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Gamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Bihl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology unit Ospedale Regionale di Bellinzona Bellinzona Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Bernardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Andreone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00049"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-915644"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100230"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81920-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301073"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-008-9112-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6144.1056"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1783"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.1.51-68.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.6.2968-2975.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25253"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1334"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.26.14648"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803683"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115280"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065327"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.7.4021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.8.5748"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20072683"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901297"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103139"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1003854107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-37586"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2009.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.11.5707-5719.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02844-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20121517"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.1.68-76.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.11.7519"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3442","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.10.3442","article-title":"Cellular immune response to hepatitis B virus\u2010encoded antigens in acute and chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"145","author":"Ferrari C","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(91)90074-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250438"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290120"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118902"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1096-1104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.163600"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-030409-101212"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.01000.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939722"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000282062"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255351"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22500"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/646614"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22763"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242741"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)00605-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23273"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12268"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039307"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1930-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003410"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1767"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.08.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.06.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141623"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20649"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.6.3322-3328.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.1.739"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02691.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25765"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00937.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101400"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101773"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175194"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021698"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26489"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.10.5729"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21384"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.19324"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01124-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20011723"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80295-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.9.3764"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2035"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1711.2005.01325.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02415-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.7.3532-3540.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.09.052"},{"issue":"1576","key":"e_1_2_6_91_1","first-page":"e4","article-title":"Combined blockade of programmed death\u20101 and activation of CD137 increase responses of human liver T cells against HBV, but not HCV","volume":"143","author":"Fisicaro P","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.6.2541"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24249"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20072076"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI33402"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.12.031"}],"container-title":["Journal of Viral Hepatitis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvh.12255","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvh.12255","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvh.12255","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T12:36:50Z","timestamp":1696250210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jvh.12255"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,27]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jvh.12255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvh.12255","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1352-0504","1365-2893"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1352-0504","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2893","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,27]]}}}